The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A disagreement about within-group agreement: disentangling issues of consistency versus consensus
Abstract
James, Demaree, and Wolf (1984) developed an indes, r WG , for assessing within-group agreement appropriate when only a single target is rated. The assessment of interperceiver agreement in such situations is of particular relevance to the composition model for climate. Schmidt and Hunter (1989) have criticized the conceptual foundation of r WG because it is not consistent with the classical model of reliability. They proposed an alternative approach, the use of the rating standard deviation (SD X ), the standard error of the rating mean (SE M ), and the associated confidence intervals for SE M to index interrater agreement. This comment argues that the critique of r WG dit not clearly distinguish the concepts of interrater consensus (i.e., agreement) and interrater consistency (i.e., reliability)
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Newton-John 29 noted that operant models cannot explain the fact that negative or punishing spouse responses are associated with increased pain behaviors and pain severity 3, 22.”
From Empathic and nonempathic interaction in chronic pain couples. (2008) · cites this paper as [22]
Citations
Cites
A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales
Cohen, J. (1960) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316446002000104 · Cited by 42,398
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 24,532
The Social Psychology of Organizations.
Hackman, J. R., Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2989929 · Cited by 12,243
Weighted kappa: nominal scale agreement provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit
Cohen, J. (1968) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0026256 · Cited by 8,736
Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.69.1.85 · Cited by 4,774
TRANSFER OF TRAINING: A REVIEW AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
Baldwin, T. T., & Ford, J. K. (1988) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00632.x · Cited by 3,662
International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Cooper, C. L., & Robertson, I. T. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0470013311.oth1 · Cited by 2,787
Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement.
James, L. R. (1982) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.67.2.219 · Cited by 2,139
Personality, affect, and behavior in groups
George, J. M. (1990) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.2.107 · Cited by 1,372
Employee and customer perceptions of service in banks: Replication and extension.
Schneider, B., & Bowen, D. E. (1985) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.70.3.423 · Cited by 1,344
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 33 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 515
Gerhart, B. A., Wright, P. M., & McMahan, G. C. (2000) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb02420.x · Cited by 218
Wei, X., Zhang, Z.-X., & Chen, X.-P. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039046 · Cited by 218
Social and cognitive sources of potential inaccuracy in job analysis.
Morgeson, F. P., & Campion, M. A. (1997) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-9010.82.5.627 · Cited by 218
Yu, L., & Zellmer-Bruhn, M. E. (2017) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2016.0094 · Cited by 225
Lüdtke, O., Trautwein, U., Kunter, M., & Baumert, J. (2007) · Learning Environments Research · doi:10.1007/s10984-006-9014-8 · Cited by 211
MULTIPLE RATERS IN SURVEY‐BASED OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT RESEARCH: A REVIEW AND TUTORIAL
Boyer, K. K., & Verma, R. (2000) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1111/j.1937-5956.2000.tb00329.x · Cited by 208
Smith‐Jentsch, K. A., Mathieu, J. E., & Kraiger, K. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.523 · Cited by 205
Cliff, J. E., Jennings, P. D., & Greenwood, R. (2005) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.02.010 · Cited by 205
Schippers, M. C., Homan, A. C., & van Knippenberg, D. (2012) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1784 · Cited by 199
RETRACTED: Impact of spiritual leadership on unit performance
Fry, L. W., Hannah, S. T., Noel, M., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.002 · Cited by 219
RetractedAn examination of the use of high‐investment human resource systems for core and support employees
Lepak, D. P., Taylor, M. S., Tekleab, A. G., Marrone, J. A., & Cohen, D. J. (2007) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.20158 · Cited by 192
Tesluk, P. E., & Mathieu, J. E. (1999) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.2.200 · Cited by 189
Statistical properties of the rWG(J) index of agreement.
Cohen, A., Doveh, E., & Eick, U. (2001) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.6.3.297 · Cited by 167
Creative Climate: A Leadership Lever for Innovation
Isaksen, S. G., & AKKERMANS, H. J. (2011) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2011.tb01425.x · Cited by 165
Harzer, C., & Ruch, W. (2014) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2014.913592 · Cited by 158
Energy at work: A measurement validation and linkage to unit effectiveness
Cole, M. S., Bruch, H., & Vogel, B. (2011) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.759 · Cited by 169
Unit-Level OCB and Unit Effectiveness: Examining the Incremental Effect of Helping Behavior
Ehrhart, M. G., Bliese, P. D., & Thomas, J. L. (2006) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1902_4 · Cited by 156
Boehm, S. A., Dwertmann, D. J. G., Bruch, H., & Shamir, B. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.07.012 · Cited by 189
Relationship between collective efficacy and team cohesion: Conceptual and measurement issues.
Paskevich, D. M., Brawley, L. R., Dorsch, K. D., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1999) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.3.3.210 · Cited by 153
Snell, S. A., & J. W. DEAN, Jr. (1994) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256668 · Cited by 154
A MULTILEVEL FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING POLICE CULTURE: THE ROLE OF THE WORKGROUP
Ingram, J. R., Paoline, E. A., & Terrill, W. (2013) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12009 · Cited by 149
The benefits of tourism for rural community development
Liu, Y.-L., Chiang, J.-T., & Ko, P.-F. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01610-4 · Cited by 149
Homberg, F., & Bui, H. (2013) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601113493925 · Cited by 168
Kirkman, B. L., Tesluk, P. E., & Rosen, B. (2001) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00226.x · Cited by 147
Tesluk, P. E., Farr, J. L., Mathieu, J. E., & Vance, R. J. (1995) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01773.x · Cited by 147
Li, A. N., & Liao, H. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037233 · Cited by 146
The Effect of Strategic Alliance Knowledge Complementarity on New Product Innovativeness in China
Fang, E. (2010) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0512 · Cited by 145
The Impact of Service Characteristics on the Switching Costs–Customer Loyalty Link
Blut, M., Beatty, S. E., Evanschitzky, H., & Brock, C. (2014) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2014.04.003 · Cited by 160
Balthazard, P. A., Waldman, D. A., Thatcher, R. W., & Hannah, S. T. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.08.002 · Cited by 140
Menges, J. I., Walter, F., Vogel, B., & Bruch, H. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.07.010 · Cited by 155
Roberson, Q. M., Sturman, M. C., & Simons, T. L. (2007) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428106294746 · Cited by 140
Enhancing Team Mental Model Measurement with Performance Appraisal Practices
Webber, S. S., Chen, G., Payne, S. C., Marsh, S. M., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2000) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/109442810034001 · Cited by 146
Post, C. A. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2031 · Cited by 163
Multilevel Investigation of Adaptive Performance
Han, T. Y., & Williams, K. J. (2008) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601108326799 · Cited by 136
Walter, F. H., & Bruch, H. (2010) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.07.006 · Cited by 135
Morgeson, F. P., & Campion, M. A. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei1217 · Cited by 137
Multiple Informant Methodology: A Critical Review and Recommendations
Wagner, S. M., Rau, C., & Lindemann, E. (2010) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124110366231 · Cited by 143
Lindell, M. K., & Brandt, C. J. (1999) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.640 · Cited by 131
Labor-Management Cooperation: Antecedents and Impact on Organizational Performance
Deery, S. J., & Iverson, R. D. (2005) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.1177/001979390505800404 · Cited by 129
Chang, J., & Teng, C.-C. C. (2016) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.10.003 · Cited by 127
Empathic and nonempathic interaction in chronic pain couples.
Cano, A., Barterian, J. A., & Heller, J. B. (2008) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31816753d8 · Cited by 125
Mistakes and How to Avoid Mistakes in Using Intercoder Reliability Indices
Feng, G. C. (2014) · Methodology · doi:10.1027/1614-2241/a000086 · Cited by 132
The Impact of Group Interaction Styles on Problem-Solving Effectiveness
Cooke, R. A., & Szumal, J. L. (1994) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886394304005 · Cited by 122
Konishi, C., Miyazaki, Y., Hymel, S. C., & Waterhouse, T. (2017) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034316688730 · Cited by 120
Recent Issues Regarding rWG, rWG, rWG(J), and rWG(J)
LeBreton, J. M., James, L. R., & Lindell, M. K. (2004) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428104272181 · Cited by 118
Zohar, D. M., Huang, Y.-H., Lee, J., & Robertson, M. M. (2013) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.005 · Cited by 123
Qin, X., DiRenzo, M. S., Xu, M., & Duan, Y. (2014) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1948 · Cited by 120
An Integrated Framework for Measuring Product Development Performance in High Technology Industries
Mallick, D. N., & Schroeder, R. G. (2005) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1111/j.1937-5956.2005.tb00015.x · Cited by 117
Dietz, B., van Knippenberg, D., Hirst, G., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038888 · Cited by 117
Meneghel, I., Боргогни, Л., Miraglia, M., Salanova, M., & Martínez, I. M. (2016) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726716631808 · Cited by 136
The Effects of Absence Culture on Individual Absence
Martocchio, J. J. (1994) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679404700301 · Cited by 116
Zhang, J., Ul‐Durar, S., Akhtar, M. N., Zhang, Y., & Lu, L. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113205 · Cited by 119
Griffith, J. E. (2000) · The Elementary School Journal · doi:10.1086/499658 · Cited by 122
Griffith, J. E. (1999) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00131619921968545 · Cited by 114
Eldor, L. (2019) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12438 · Cited by 132
Kwan, P., & Walker, A. D. (2004) · Organizational Analysis · doi:10.1108/eb028984 · Cited by 113
Levels of analysis issues in group psychology: Using efficacy as an example of a multilevel model.
Moritz, S. E., & Watson, C. B. (1998) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.2.4.285 · Cited by 110
Expertise, extraversion and group interaction styles as performance indicators in virtual teams
Balthazard, P. A., Potter, R. E., & Warren, J. (2004) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/968464.968469 · Cited by 111
Leadership and Social Identification in Military Units: Direct and Indirect Relationships1
Shamir, B., Zakay, E., Brainin, E., & Popper, M. (2000) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02499.x · Cited by 111
Virtual team interaction styles: assessment and effects
Potter, R. E., & Balthazard, P. A. (2002) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.2002.1001 · Cited by 109
IRT Models for Expert-Coded Panel Data
Marquardt, K. L., & Pemstein, D. (2017) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1017/pan.2018.28 · Cited by 108
The impact of leadership and quality climate on hospital performance
Shipton, H. J., Armstrong, C., West, M. A., & Dawson, J. (2008) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzn037 · Cited by 107
Ehrhart, K. H., Witt, L. A., Schneider, B., & Perry, S. J. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022071 · Cited by 106
Houghton, S. M., Simon, M., Aquino, K. F., & Goldberg, C. (2000) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601100254002 · Cited by 106
The role of within‐group agreement in understanding transformational leadership
Feinberg, B., Ostroff, C. L., & Burke, W. W. (2005) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317905x26156 · Cited by 105
Hale, D., Ployhart, R. E., & Shepherd, W. J. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0546 · Cited by 104
An Overview of Interrater Agreement on Likert Scales for Researchers and Practitioners
O’Neill, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00777 · Cited by 127
Aquino, K. F., & Byron, K. L. (2002) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920630202800105 · Cited by 104
Jahn, E. W., Thompson, C. A., & Kopelman, R. E. (2003) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668800302545 · Cited by 104
Team collaboration in virtual worlds
Kahai, S. S., Carroll, E., & Jestice, R. J. (2007) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/1314234.1314246 · Cited by 105
Data Aggregation in Multilevel Analysis: A Review of Conceptual and Statistical Issues
Dixon, M. A., & Cunningham, G. B. (2006) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1207/s15327841mpee1002_2 · Cited by 96
Jennings, P. D., Jennings, P. D., & Greenwood, R. (2008) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.03.003 · Cited by 96
Selecting sustainable teams for PPP projects
Kumaraswamy, M. M., & Anvuur, A. M. (2007) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.02.001 · Cited by 87
Chen, C.-H. V., Tang, Y.-Y., & Wang, S.-J. (2009) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980903218273 · Cited by 87
Measuring Interrater Agreement for Ratings of a Single Target
Lindell, M. K., & Brandt, C. J. (1997) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/01466216970213006 · Cited by 86
Ackerman, P. L., & Cianciolo, A. T. (1999) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1203 · Cited by 85
Schriesheim, C. A., Cogliser, C. C., & Neider, L. L. (1995) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(95)90031-4 · Cited by 85
Relating Cohesion to Stress, Strain, Disintegration, and Performance: An Organizing Framework
Griffith, J. E., & Vaitkus, M. A. (1999) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1101_3 · Cited by 84
Ethics, Values, and Organizational Justice: Individuals, Organizations, and Beyond
Schminke, M. J., Arnaud, A., & Taylor, R. M. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2251-3 · Cited by 94
Contemporary perspectives on the study of psychological climate: A commentary
Burke, M. J., Borucki, C. C., & Kaufman, J. D. (2002) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320244000210 · Cited by 83
Zohar, D. M., Huang, Y.-H., Lee, J., & Robertson, M. M. (2015) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2015.01.014 · Cited by 89
Larivière, B., Keiningham, T. L., Aksoy, L., Yalçın, A., Morgeson, F. V., & Mithas, S. (2015) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmr.12.0143 · Cited by 82
Hirst, G., van Knippenberg, D., Zhou, Q., Zhu, C. J., & Tsai, P. C.-F. (2015) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206315596814 · Cited by 86
Park, I., Sharman, R., & Rao, H. (2015) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2015/39.2.03 · Cited by 85
Centralization of member voice in teams: Its effects on expertise utilization and team performance.
Sherf, E. N., Sinha, R., Tangirala, S., & Awasty, N. (2018) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000305 · Cited by 80
From Self‐Efficacy to Collective Efficacy in Sport: Transitional Methodological Issues
Myers, N. D., & Feltz, D. L. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118270011.ch36 · Cited by 79
Human capital: the link between leadership and organizational learning
Pasamar, S., Díaz-Fernández, M., & de la Rosa-Navarro, M. D. (2019) · European Journal of Management and Business Economics · doi:10.1108/ejmbe-08-2017-0003 · Cited by 69
The effects of collaboration on performance: a multilevel validation in project teams
Franç, N. A., Chiocchio, O., Grenier, S., Taoheed, T. O., Neill, N. A., Savaria, K., & Willms, J. D. (2012) · International Journal of Project Organisation and Management · doi:10.1504/ijpom.2012.045362 · Cited by 96
The Role of Individual Memory and Attention Processes During Electronic Brainstorming1
Potter, R. E., & Balthazard, P. A. (2004) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148657 · Cited by 77
Work analysis: From technique to theory.
Morgeson, F. P., & Dierdorff, E. C. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12170-001 · Cited by 75
Burmeister, A., HEIJDEN, B. I. J. M. V. D., Yang, J., & Deller, J. (2018) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12207 · Cited by 83
External Web content and its influence on organizational performance
Meroño‐Cerdán, A. L., & Soto‐Acosta, P. (2007) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000656 · Cited by 71
Some Common Indices of Group Diversity: Upper Boundaries
Solanas, A., Selvam, R., Navarro, J., & Leiva, D. (2012) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/01.09.21.pr0.111.6.777-796 · Cited by 67
Testing Agreement for Multi-Item Scales With the Indices r WG(J) and AD M(J)
Cohen, A., Doveh, E., & Nahum-Shani, I. B. (2007) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428107300365 · Cited by 69
Lüdtke, O., Trautwein, U., Kunter, M., & Baumert, J. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/1010-0652.20.12.85 · Cited by 70
A multilevel examination of affective job insecurity climate on safety outcomes.
Jiang, L., & Probst, T. M. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000014 · Cited by 75
Unobtrusive measurement of psychological constructs in organizational research
Hill, A., White, M. A., & Wallace, J. C. (2013) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/2041386613505613 · Cited by 69
Augustsson, H., Richter, A., Hasson, H., & Schwarz, U. V. T. (2017) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886317691930 · Cited by 70
Charismatic leadership and follower effects
Conger, J. A., KANUNGO, R. N., & Menon, S. T. (2000) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/1099-1379(200011)21:7 · Cited by 718
Rafferty, A. E., & Jimmieson, N. L. (2009) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320903007869 · Cited by 66
Metadata
- Authors
- Kozlowski, S. W., & Hattrup, K.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- ORCID
- Kozlowski, Steve W.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 1992-04
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 161-167
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2069294908
- Cited by
- 514
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 12.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- interobserver agreement, confidence intervals, classical test theory, reliability statistics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review