The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Risk Propensity Differences Between Managers and Entrepreneurs and Between Low- and High-Growth Entrepreneurs: A Reply in a More Conservative Vein.
Abstract
A recent article (W. H. Stewart & P. L. Roth, 2001) in the Journal of Applied Psychology presented the conclusion from meta-analysis that entrepreneurs have a higher risk propensity than managers and that this propensity is particularly pronounced among the growth-oriented. A previously unresolved question was said to be laid to rest and a "vital component" of a theory of entrepreneurship established. The present article disagrees and cites data from 14 studies not included in the Stewart and Roth (2001) analysis, adding up to a conclusion (supported by new meta-analyses) that entrepreneurs (and those with a growth orientation) are more risk avoidant. Thus, a conservative view, retaining the position that the role of risk propensity in entrepreneurship remains unresolved, is upheld. Potential explanations for the conflicting results are explored.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis
Wasserman, S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,326
Assessing construct validity in organizational research
Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. W. (1991) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393203 · Cited by 6,621
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
McClelland, D. C. (1961) · doi:10.1037/14359-000 · Cited by 4,998
Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis.
Freeman, P. R., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531069 · Cited by 4,784
Fixed-and random-effects models in meta-analysis.
Hedges, L. V., & Vevea, J. L. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.486 · Cited by 2,977
(1990) · Free Press , Collier Macmillan eBooks · Cited by 2,859
International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Contents of Previous Volumes
(2003) · International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2004 · doi:10.1002/0470013311.oth1 · Cited by 2,762
Busenitz, L. W., & Barney, J. B. (1997) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/s0883-9026(96)00003-1 · Cited by 2,618
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings.
Raudenbush, S. W., Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (1991) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289738 · Cited by 2,327
Cited by
The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265 · Cited by 2,996
The Big Five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review.
Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. E. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.259 · Cited by 1,740
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206309335187 · Cited by 1,521
The Psychology of Entrepreneurship
Frese, M., & Gielnik, M. M. (2014) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091326 · Cited by 928
Personality aspects of entrepreneurship: A look at five meta-analyses
Brandstätter, H. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.007 · Cited by 906
Metadata
- Authors
- Miner, J. B., & Raju, N. S.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-13
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2046604854
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 49
- FWCI
- 19.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Risk Propensity Differences Between Managers and Entrepreneurs and Between Low- and High-Growth Entrepreneurs: A Reply in a More Conservative Vein. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.3
- The paper
- Miner, J. B., & Raju, N. S. (2004). Risk Propensity Differences Between Managers and Entrepreneurs and Between Low- and High-Growth Entrepreneurs: A Reply in a More Conservative Vein. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.3
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
