Cited by 589Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and DisordersPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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Dependency and self-criticism: Psychological dimensions of depression

Blatt, Sidney J., Quinlan, Donald M., Chevron, Eve S., McDonald, Cathy, Zuroff, David·1982·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-006x.50.1.113

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Dependent and Self‐Critical Depressive Experiences among Inner‐City Adolescents
Luthar, S. S., & Blatt, S. J. (1993) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00285.x · Cited by 33
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Interpersonal relatedness and self‐definition in the experience of loneliness during the transition to university
Wiseman, H. (1997) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00146.x · Cited by 33
Dependency and self-criticism as moderators of interpersonal and achievement stress: The role of initial dysphoria
Lakey, B., & Ross, L. T. (1994) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02355670 · Cited by 32
“Although the selection of items was based on a factor analysis of a female sample, in the current sample, none of the effects differed for men and women and there were no mean differences between genders on the DEQ. Thus, following Blaney and Kutcher (1991) and Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, and Zuroff (1982) , we…”
Background
Self‐image and Guilt: A Further Test of the Cognitive‐Developmental Formulation
Bybee, J. A., & Zigler, E. (1991) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00929.x · Cited by 32
Do Humor Styles Mediate or Moderate the Relationship Between Self-Criticism and Neediness and Depressive Symptoms?
Avi Besser, A., Luyten, P., & Blatt, S. J. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31822fc9a8 · Cited by 34
“…distorted emphasis on self-definition associated with harsh personal standards, heightened strivings for mastery and achievement, and a marked need for acknowledgmentVdoes indeed confer vulnerability to depression (Beck, 1983; Blatt, 1974, 2004, 2008; Blatt and Luyten, 2009; Blatt et al., 1982).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The structure of the Levenson locus of control scale in young adults: Comparing item and parcel indicator models
Wilkinson, W. W. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.018 · Cited by 31
Love and control: Self-criticism in parents and daughters and perceptions of relationship partners
Amitay, O. A., Mongrain, M., & Fazaa, N. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.020 · Cited by 37
Internalizing, Social Competence, and Substance Initiation: Influence of Gender Moderation and a Preventive Intervention
Lillehoj, C. J., Trudeau, L., Spoth, R. L., & Wickrama, K. A. S. (2004) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1081/ja-120030895 · Cited by 30
“Cognitive developmental (Beck, 1983; Blatt et al., 1982) and cognitive behavioral (Bernard et al., 1987; Robins and Luten, 1991) theories posit that enhanced skill competency (i.e., social assertiveness) might prevent troubled adolescents from engaging in unconventional or self-destructive…”
Background
Self-Criticism as a Mechanism Linking Childhood Maltreatment and Maternal Efficacy Beliefs in Low-Income Mothers With and Without Depression
Michl-Petzing, L. C., Handley, E. D., Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2015) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559515602095 · Cited by 30
A Cross-Cultural Study of the Cognitive Model of Depression: Cognitive Experiences Converge between Egypt and Canada
Beshai, S., Dobson, K. S., Adel, A., & Hanna, N. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150699 · Cited by 30
“Further, and in addition to this increase of negative cognitions, Beck hypothesized that depressed individuals would also show lower frequencies of positive thoughts about the self during depression [6] [21].”
Background
An Empirical Study of Seriously Disturbed Suicidal Patients
Fowler, J. C., Hilsenroth, M. J., & Piers, C. (2001) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/00030651010490010901 · Cited by 28
Personality vulnerabilities in adolescent suicidality: The mediating role of psychological distress
Campos, R. C., Avi Besser, A., Abreu, H., Parreira, T., & Blatt, S. J. (2014) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2014.78.2.115 · Cited by 30
“Dependency can also be a risk factor for suicide when these individuals experience social isolation (loneliness) (e.g., Beck, 1983; Besser et al., 2003; Blatt et al., 1982) and depression, which actuates their suicidal potential (e.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Depressive Styles and Social Acuity
AUBE, J. A., & Whiffen, V. E. (1996) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365096023004004 · Cited by 30
Distressed Mothers and Their Infants Use a Less Efficient Timing Mechanism in Creating Expectancies of Each Other’s Looking Patterns
Beebe, B. A., Badalamenti, A. F., Jaffe, J., Feldstein, S., Marquette, L., Helbraun, E., Demetri-Friedman, D., Flaster, C., Goodman, P., Kaminer, T., et al. (2008) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-008-9078-y · Cited by 29
“Dependency and Self-Criticism are also related in theoretically expected ways to self-concept, self-esteem, interpersonal behavior, descriptions of parents, and dysfunctional attitudes ( Blatt et al. 1976, 1982; Mongrain and Zuroff 1989; Zuroff et al. 1983).”
Background
Three cognitive theories of depression
Bebbington, P. (1985) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700004992 · Cited by 28
Personality Style and Impulsivity as Determinants of Suicidal Subgroups
Fazaa, N., & Page, S. (2009) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110802572122 · Cited by 28
“( 1982 ) held that the Dependent individual may be unable to tolerate delay due to failure in establishing adequate self-care and regulatory capacities, and that this failure could be expressed as impairment in functional forms of Impulsivity.”
Background
Self-Criticism, Dependency, and Stress Reactivity: An Experience Sampling Approach to Testing Blatt and Zuroff’s (1992) Theory of Personality Predispositions to Depression in High-Risk Youth
Adams, P., Abela, J. R. Z., Auerbach, R. P., & Skitch, S. A. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209343811 · Cited by 28
Depressed fibromyalgia patients are equipped with an emphatic competence dependent self-esteem
Johnson, M., Paananen, M.-L., Rahinantti, P., & Hannonen, P. (1997) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/bf02247798 · Cited by 28
“Individuals in this demanding and exhausting, eventually depressive, state would be more prone to somatic diseases than those in a depressive state based on emotional losses and rejections in close relationships, which state is more like apathy ( 35 ).”
Background
Vulnerability to Stress: Self‐Criticism and Stress‐Induced Changes In Biochemistry
Gruen, R. J., Silva, R., Ehrlich, J. R., Schweitzer, J. W., & Friedhoff, A. J. (1997) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00528.x · Cited by 28
Effectiveness of hypnosis as an adjunct to behavioral weight management
Bolocofsky, D. N., Spinler, D., & Coulthard-Morris, L. (1985) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198501)41:1 · Cited by 44
Attributional style and perceived stress in endogenous and reactive depression
Willner, P., Wilkes, M., & Orwin, A. (1990) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(90)90080-r · Cited by 28
SELF- AND BEST-FRIEND ASSESSMENTS OF PERSONALITY VULNERABILITY AND DEFENSES IN THE PREDICTION OF DEPRESSION
Avi Besser, A. (2004) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2004.32.6.559 · Cited by 27
“”) Internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the DEQ are adequate (Blatt et al., 1982).”
BackgroundMethod
Childhood maltreatment, personality vulnerability profiles, and borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescents
Marchetti, D., Musso, P., Verrocchio, M. C., Manna, G., Kopala-Sibley, D. C., De Berardis, D., De Santis, S., & Falgares, G. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420002151 · Cited by 26
“…develop only either dependent (i.e., focused on relatedness issues) or self-critical (i.e., focused on autonomy and self-definition concern) traits (Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, & Zuroff, 1982; Campos, Holden, Baleizão, Caçador, & Fragata, 2018; Falgares et al., 2018aa; Shahar, Blatt, &…”
Self-report measures of defeat and entrapment during a brief depressive mood induction
Goldstein, R. C., & Willner, P. (2002) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930143000473 · Cited by 27
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Zeeck, A., von Wietersheim, J., Weiß, H., Beutel, M. E., & Hartmann, A. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-100 · Cited by 26
“One of the most relevant concepts in this field is the one of Sydney Blatt, who postulated a twodimensional model, which differentiates between depressed patients who primarily deal with problems in interpersonal relatedness (“anaclitic”: fears of abandonment; dependency) and those preoccupied with self-definitional i…”
Background
Controlling shared resources: Effects of dependency, self-criticism, and threats to self-worth
Santor, D. A., & Zuroff, D. C. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00154-2 · Cited by 26
Self-citation
Enhancing and Disrupting Cooperative Behavior in Couples: Effects of Dependency and Self-Criticism Following Favorable and Unfavorable Performance Feedback
Santor, D. A., Pringle, J. D., & Israeli, A. L. (2000) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1005523602102 · Cited by 27
“Research has shown that dependency and self-criticism dispose individuals to depressive moods (Blatt et al., 1982; Nietzel & Harris, 1990; Zuroff & Mongrain, 1987), influence the quality of interpersonal environments (Zuroff, 1994; Zuroff, Stotland, Sweetman, Craig, & Koestner, 1995), and moderate…”
Background
Depressive Personality: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory Profiles of Sociotropic and Autonomous Subtypes
Goldberg, J. O., Segal, Z. V., Vella, D. D., & Shaw, B. F. (1989) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1989.3.3.193 · Cited by 26
Distress Mediates the Association Between Personality Predispositions and Suicidality: A Preliminary Study in a Portuguese Community Sample
Campos, R. C., Avi Besser, A., & Blatt, S. J. (2012) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2012.640583 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
The Optimal Margin of Illusion Hypothesis: Evidence from the Self-serving Bias and Personality Disorders
McAllister, H. A., Baker, J. D., Mannes, C., Stewart, H. L., & Sutherland, A. (2002) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.21.4.414.22593 · Cited by 25
Anxious Solitude and Self-Compassion and Self-Criticism Trajectories in Early Adolescence: Attachment Security as a Moderator
Peter, D., & Gazelle, H. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12926 · Cited by 25
Chapter 1 Introduction: Culture, Self-Silencing, and Depression: A Contextual-Relational Perspective
Jack, D. C., & Ali, A. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0001 · Cited by 27
Specialty choice, stress and personality: their relationships over time
Firth‐Cozens, J., Lema, V. C., & Firth, R. A. (1999) · Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12968/hosp.1999.60.10.1222 · Cited by 25
Cognitive–Personality Characteristics as Direct Predictors of Unipolar Major Depression
Mazure, C. M., Raghavan, C., Maciejewski, P. K., Jacobs, S., & BRUCE, M. L. (2001) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026424126287 · Cited by 24
A comparison of personality characteristics of seasonal and nonseasonal major depression
Schuller, D. R., Bagby, R. M., LEVITT, A. J., et al. (1993) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(93)90024-x · Cited by 25
The Use of the Term Rapport in the Investigative Interviewing Literature: A critical Examination of Definitions
Neequaye, D. A., & Giolla, E. M. (2022) · Meta-Psychology · doi:10.15626/mp.2021.2808 · Cited by 27
Relations between personality and depressive symptoms: A multimeasure study of dependency, autonomy, and related constructs
Burke, A. K., & Haslam, N. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.1061 · Cited by 23
Assessment of interpersonal dependency using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II) and the depressive experiences questionnaire
Overholser, J. C., & Freiheit, S. R. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90263-1 · Cited by 22
Testing a Theory-Based Model of Suicidality in a Community Sample
Campos, R. C., & Holden, R. R. (2016) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222815598428 · Cited by 22
“…Blatt, 1995; Blatt et al., 1982; Campos et al., 2012, 2013; Fazaa & Page, 2003; Morrison & O’Connor, 2007; O’Connor, 2007; O’Connor & Noyce, 2008), but findings are more equivocal about neediness or dependency (Blatt et al., 1982; Campos, Besser, Abreu, Parreira, & Blatt, 2014; Fazaa & Page, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
Domain-Specific Hope And Personal Style: Toward An Integrative Understanding Of Dysphoria
Campbell, D. G., & Kwon, P. H. (2001) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.20.4.498.22400 · Cited by 22
The association between self‐compassion and treatment outcomes: Session‐level and treatment‐level effects
Galili‐Weinstock, L., Chen, R., Atzil–Slonim, D., Bar‐Kalifa, E., Peri, T., & Rafaeli, E. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22569 · Cited by 24
Self-compassion mediates the link between dependency and depressive symptomatology in college students
Denckla, C. A., Consedine, N. S., & Bornstein, R. F. (2016) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2016.1264464 · Cited by 22
Cohabitation, Marriage and Divorce among Adolescents and Young Adults
Newcomb, M. D. (1986) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407586034005 · Cited by 21
Bridging the gap between interpersonal thought and action in early adolescence: The role of psychodynamic processes
Schultz, L. H., & Selman, R. L. (1989) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400000316 · Cited by 21
Idiographic autobiographical memories in major depressive disorder
Rottenberg, J. A., Hildner, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2006) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930500286299 · Cited by 20
How Residential College Students Adjust Socially and Emotionally to First Year University
Stevens, C. D., & Walker, B. M. (1996) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/0729436960150206 · Cited by 20
Development and Validation of a Self-Critical Cognition Scale
Ishiyama, F. I., & Munson, P. A. (1993) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1993.72.1.147 · Cited by 20
Autonomy and the Struggle for Female Identity: Implications for Counseling Women
McBRIDE, M. C. (1990) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1990.tb01448.x · Cited by 20
Psychopathology reconsidered: Depressions interpreted as psychosocial transactions
Wiener, M. (1989) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(89)90059-7 · Cited by 20
Self‐criticism, dependency, and adolescents' externalising and internalising problems
Campos, R. C., Avi Besser, A., Morgado, C., & Blatt, S. J. (2013) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12024 · Cited by 19
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Stability of the patient-by-treatment interaction in the Menninger Psychotherapy Research Project
Blatt, S. J., & Shahar, G. (2004) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.68.1.23.27733 · Cited by 19
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Explicit Rejection of an Implicit Dichotomy: Integrating Two Approaches to Assessing Dependency
Cogswell, A. (2008) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890701468584 · Cited by 19
Examining the role of borderline personality traits in the relationship between major depression and nonsuicidal self-injury
Peters, E. M., John, A. M., Baetz, M., & Balbuena, L. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.07.008 · Cited by 18
Treatment of Excessive Interpersonal Dependency: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model
Overholser, J. C. (1997) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1023/a:1025614524578 · Cited by 18
Happiness vs. mindfulness exercises for individuals vulnerable to depression
Mongrain, M., Komeylian, Z., & Barnhart, R. (2015) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2015.1092569 · Cited by 18
“80 for selfcriticism (Blatt et al., 1982) and construct validity has been evidenced in a variety of contexts (see Zuroff et al.”
Background
Chapter 13 Silencing the Self and Personality Vulnerabilities Associated with Depression
Avi Besser, A., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0014 · Cited by 18
“Blatt and colleagues defined a theory of personality involving the dimensions of dependency and self-criticism (Blatt, 1990; Blatt, Cornell, & Eshkol, 1993; Blatt et al., 1982).”
Background
Dysphoria and components of self-punitiveness: A re-analysis
Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Mittelstaedt, W. M. (1991) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173014 · Cited by 17
An Investigation of the Perfectionism/Self-criticism Domain of the Personal Style Inventory
Shahar, G. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9032-y · Cited by 17
“The reliability and validity of the DEQ have been established in numerous studies (e.g., Blatt et al. 1976, 1982 ).”
Background
Depressive symptoms in adolescents as a function of personality factors
Baron, P., & Peixoto, N. (1991) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01540633 · Cited by 18
“Dependence would thus seem to be more of an issue with female adolescents than with male adolescents, which is also consistent with the literature on depression (see Arieti and Bemporad, 1980; Blatt et al., 1982; Prud'homme and Baron, 1988).”
Result
A Comparison of Interpersonal Scripts in Clinically Depressed versus Nondepressed Individuals
Demorest, A. P., Crits-Christoph, P. F., Hatch, M., & Luborsky, L. B. (1999) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1999.2246 · Cited by 16
When you try your best to help but don't succeed: How self-compassionate reflection influences reactions to interpersonal helping failures
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Indicators of depression and self-efficacy in the PPAT drawings of normative adults
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Understanding the accuracy of tests with cutting scores: The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value model
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Parental emotions following the birth of the first child: Gender differences in depressive symptoms.
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Subtypes of Depression, Efficacy, and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire
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Beyond self-criticism and dependency: structural functioning of depressive patients and its treatment
de la Parra, G., Dagnino, P., Valdés, C., & Krause, M. (2017) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2017.236 · Cited by 19
“Nevertheless, Blatt himself has referred to the destructiveness of self-critical perfectionism (1995); also, different authors have discussed the pathogenic power of self-critical functioning along with the high suicidality of these patients and the difficulties involved in managing and treating them (Blatt & Shahar,…”
Influential
Negative Modes of Relating, Marital Quality and Depression
Birtchnell, J. (1991) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.158.5.648 · Cited by 16
“WIGGINS, J. S. (1982) Circumplex models of interpersonal behaviour in clinicalpsychology.”
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Mood Disorders: Unipolar and Bipolar
Rehm, L. P., Wagner, A. L., & Ivens, C. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47377-1_11 · Cited by 16
Cynical Mistrust and the search for self-worth
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Testing a Self-Compassion Intervention Among Job Seekers: Self-Compassion Beneficially Impacts Affect Through Reduced Self-Criticism
Kreemers, L. M., van Hooft, E. A. J., van Vianen, A. E. M., & Sisouw de Zilwa, S. C. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01371 · Cited by 14
The Role of Self-Criticism and Shame in Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviour Symptoms
Houazene, S., Aardema, F., Leclerc, J. B., & O’Connor, K. P. (2020) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2020.16 · Cited by 14
The Impact of Personality Traits on Emotional Responses to Interpersonal Stress
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Soliciting unfavourable social comparison: Effects of self-criticism
Santor, D. A., & Yazbek, A. A. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.029 · Cited by 14
“Self-criticism belongs to a group of related personality variables believed to dispose individuals to depressive cognitions (Blatt et al., 1982; Nietzel & Harris, 1990; Zuroff & Mongrain, 1987), which have also been linked to depressive cognitions (Ahrens & Alloy, 1997; Alloy et al., 1987; Swallow…”
Background
The longitudinal contribution of prolonged grief to depression and suicide risk in the aftermath of suicide loss: The moderating role of self-criticism
Levi‐Belz, Y., & Blank, C. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.023 · Cited by 14
Interpersonal Mechanisms in the Relationships between Dependency/Self-Criticism and Depressive Symptoms in Taiwanese Undergraduates: A Prospective Study
Liu, E. T.-H., Chen, W., Tsai, L.-T., Wu, M., & Hong, C.-L. (2012) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.9.972 · Cited by 13
“Their experiences in relationships may be characterized by feelings of anger (Blatt et al., 1982), loneliness (Wiseman, 1997), and dissatisfaction (Alden & Bieling, 1996; Zuroff & de Lorimier, 1989; Zuroff & Fitzpatrick, 1995).”
Background
Expanding the Construct Validity of the Relationship Profile Test: Associations With Physical Health and Anaclitic and Introjective Traits
Huprich, S. K., Hsiao, W.-C., Porcerelli, J. H., Bornstein, R. F., & Markova, T. (2009) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191109340383 · Cited by 13
Do self-criticism and somatic symptoms play a key role in chronic depression? Exploring the factor structure of Beck depression inventory-II in a sample of chronically depressed inpatients.
Høstmælingen, A., Ulvenes, P., Nissen‐Lie, H. A., Eielsen, M., & Wampold, B. E. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.066 · Cited by 13
Changes in thought content following sleep deprivation in depression
Kraft, A. M., Willner, P., Gillin, C., et al. (1984) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(84)90059-2 · Cited by 13
The relationship between anxiety, depression, and subtypes of negative auditory verbal hallucination (AVH) content in affective and non-affective psychosis
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Relationship between Personality Disorder Functioning Styles and the Emotional States in Bipolar I and II Disorders
Yao, J., Xu, Y., Qin, Y., Liu, J., Shen, Y., Wang, W., & Chen, W. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117353 · Cited by 12
“Indeed, patients with dependent personality disorder are prone to depression [54], and patients with schizoid personality disorder are introverted reclusive, and clinically appear distant, aloof, apathetic, and emotionally detached [55], therefore they might not be easily prone to the emotional fluctuation including d…”
Background
Personality Factors and Depressive Configurations. An Exploratory Study in an Italian Clinical Sample
Straccamore, F., Ruggi, S., Lingiardi, V., Zanardi, R., Vecchi, S., & Oasi, O. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00251 · Cited by 12
“A considerable amount of research has examined the relationship between anaclitic and introjective personality organizations and depressive disorders (Blatt et al., 1982; Zuroff and Mongrain, 1987; Besser and Priel, 2005; Mongrain and Leather, 2006; Luyten et al., 2007; Campos et al., 2011; Miller and Hilsenroth, 2016…”
Background
Depression and leisure-based meaning-making: anhedonia as a mediating factor
Nagata, S., & Kono, S. (2021) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2021.1971285 · Cited by 13
“Because people with depression tend to believe that ‘whatever I do ends up a failure’ (Blatt et al., 1982), they would not feel motivated to explore who they are, resulting in unwillingness to pursue self-discovery.”
Background
Neediness and Interpersonal Life Stress: Does Congruency Predict Depression?
Cogswell, A., Alloy, L. B., & Spasojevic, J. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9052-7 · Cited by 12
“... my words or actions have on the feelings of other people.’’ The dependency scale of the DEQ has demonstrated good internal consistency (a > .75), 12-month retest reliability (r = .79), and construct validity (Blatt et al., 1976; Blatt & Zuroff, 1992; Mongrain, Vettese, Shuster, & Kendal, 1998; Zuroff, Moskowitz, W…”
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“Internal consistency (coefficient alpha) is .81 for dependency, .80 for self-criticism (Blatt et al. 1982).”
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“For example, different investigators have identified two types of depression—dependent and selfcritical—that have implications for treatment matching (Beck, Epstein, Harrison, & Emery, 1983; Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, & Zuroff, 1982 ).”
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“High levels of dependency, or sociotropy, have been related to suicidal ideation, social introversion, vague somatic complaints, decreased defensiveness (Blatt et al., 1982), tearfulness (Klein et al.”
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Authors: Blatt, S. J., Quinlan, D. M., Chevron, E. S., McDonald, C., & Zuroff, D.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1982
Volume: 50
Issue: 1
Pages: 113-124
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.50.1.113
OpenAlex: W2034906515
Cited by: 589
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 12.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: dependency, self-criticism, depression, personality traits
MeSH terms: Adult, Dependency, Psychological, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Self Concept

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