Cited by 589Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and DisordersPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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Dependency and self-criticism: Psychological dimensions of depression

Blatt, Sidney J., Quinlan, Donald M., Chevron, Eve S., McDonald, Cathy, Zuroff, David·1982·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-006x.50.1.113

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Items 101–200 of 410

Sociotropy, Autonomy, and Patterns of Symptoms in Patients with Major Depression: A Comparison of Dimensional and Categorical Approaches
Robins, C. J., Bagby, R. M., Rector, N. A., Lynch, T. R., & Kennedy, S. H. (1997) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021874415967 · Cited by 77
“Self-criticism scores on the DEQ and the Revised DEQ also have been found to be moderately related to PSI sociotropy and DEQ/RDEQ dependency (Alden & Bieling, 1996; Blatt et al., 1982; Ouimette et al., 1994).”
Background
Interpersonal Style, Stress, and Depression: An Examination of Transactional and Diathesis-Stress Models
Eberhart, N. K., & Hammen, C. L. (2010) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.1.23 · Cited by 76
“Sociotropy (e.g., Beck, 1987) and dependency (e.g., Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, & Zuroff, 1982) capture another perspective on depression (“dependency” will be used to encompass both).”
BackgroundInfluential
Characterization of depression in war-related posttraumatic stress disorder
Southwick, S. M., Yehuda, R., & Giller, E. L. (1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.2.179 · Cited by 75
An Exploratory Study of Students with Depression in Undergraduate Research Experiences
Cooper, K. M., Gin, L. E., Barnes, M. E., & Brownell, S. E. (2020) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.19-11-0217 · Cited by 88
A confirmatory factor analysis and validation of the forms of self‐criticism/reassurance scale
Kupeli, N., Chilcot, J., Schmidt, U. H., Campbell, I. C., & Troop, N. A. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2012.02042.x · Cited by 75
The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire
Desmet, M., Vanheule, S., Groenvynck, H., Verhaeghe, P., Vogel, J., & Bogaerts, S. (2007) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.23.2.89 · Cited by 72
The effects of current mood and prior depressive history on self-schematic processing in children
Zupan, B. A., Hammen, C. L., & Jaenicke, C. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(87)90056-7 · Cited by 71
Do interpersonal features of social anxiety influence the development of depressive symptoms?
Grant, D. M., Beck, J. G., Farrow, S. M., & Davila, J. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930600713036 · Cited by 72
“For example, research has suggested that dependency is a risk factor for the onset of depressive symptoms (Beck, 1987 ; Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, & Zuroff, 1982 ; Hirschfeld, Klerman, Clayton, & Keller, 1983 ; Kendler, Neale, Kessler, Heath, & Eaves, 1993; Mazure, Bruce, Maciejewski, & Jacobs, 2000 ).”
Personality, Shame, and the Breakdown of Social Bonds: The Voice of Quantitative Depression Research
Shahar, G. (2001) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.64.3.228.18463 · Cited by 72
“…and selfcritical (Blatt, D’Afflitti, and Quinlan 1976;sues of trust, caring, intimacy, and sexuality, and range from more to less disturbed and Blatt et al. 1982), as dominant other and dominant goal (Arieti and Bemporad 1978, 1980),include nonparanoid schizophrenia, borderline personality…”
Background
Brooding Perfectionism: Refining the Roles of Rumination and Perfectionism in the Etiology of Depression
Olson, M. L., & Kwon, P. H. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9173-7 · Cited by 80
“Research utilizing a college student population (Frost et al. 1990) indicated the strongest correlations between self-critical depression (i.e., reflecting feelings of inferiority, worthlessness, guilt, and having a tendency to be critical of oneself, as measured by the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire; Blatt et a…”
Method
Explaining Gender Differences in Depression: an Interpersonal Contingent Self-Esteem Perspective
Cambron‐Mellott, M. J., Acitelli, L. K., & Pettit, J. W. (2009) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9616-6 · Cited by 77
“Although some research shows that females are more likely than males to have this interpersonal depressive vulnerability ( Blatt et al. 1982; Chevron et al. 1978; Frewen and Dozois 2006; Leadbeater et al. 1995; Zuroff et al. 1990b), other research fails to find a gender difference in dependency-sociotropy (Robins et a…”
Background
Marital interventions for depression: Empirical foundation and future prospects
Beach, S. R. H., Smith, D. A., & Fincham, F. D. (1994) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0962-1849(05)80097-6 · Cited by 68
Depression and anxiety predict sex-specific cortisol responses to interpersonal stress
Powers, S. I., Laurent, H. K., Gunlicks-Stoessel, M., Balaban, S., & Bent, E. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.007 · Cited by 71
Interpersonal and self-critical dysphoria and behavioral problems in adolescents
Blatt, S., Hart, B., Quinlan, D., Leadbeater, B., & Auerbach, J. (1993) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537791 · Cited by 71
“Interpersonal dysphoria, that seems to occur more frequently in females, involves particular vulnerability to the withdrawal of the affection or availability of others, and results in feelings of loneliness and helplessness, fears of abandonment, desire for intense closeness and dependency on others, and difficulty ex…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Stressors and sociotropy/autonomy: A longitudinal study of their relationship to the course of bipolar disorder
Hammen, C. L., Ellicott, A., & Gitlin, M. J. (1992) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01183165 · Cited by 68
“Recently support has been found for a model of stress and depression, based both on cognitive and psychodynamic formulations (Arieti & Bemporad, 1980; Beck, 1982; Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, & Zuroff, 1982 ) in which vulnerability, in terms of beliefs in values central to one's self-worth and self-efficacy, is…”
Background
The role of self-criticism in common mental health difficulties in students: A systematic review of prospective studies
McIntyre, R., Smith, P. A., & Rimes, K. A. (2018) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2018.02.003 · Cited by 76
Self-silencing and women’s health: A review
Maji, S., & Dixit, S. (2018) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764018814271 · Cited by 86
Dependency and Self-Criticism Among First-Time Mothers: The Roles of Global and Specific Support
Priel, B., & Avi Besser, A. (2000) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2000.19.4.437 · Cited by 68
Assessing Dependency using Self-report and Indirect Measures: Examining the Significance of Discrepancies
Cogswell, A., Alloy, L., Karpinski, A., & Grant, D. A. (2010) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.481986 · Cited by 59
“79), and construct validity ( Blatt et al, 1976 ; Blatt & Zuroff, 1992 ; Zuroff, Moskowitz, Wielgus, Powers, & Franko, 1983 ), as well as concurrent validity with various measures of depressive symptomatology (eg, Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, & Zuroff, 1982 ; Brown & Silberschatz, 1989 ).”
Predisposition to Depression: The Role of Attachment
Beatson, J. A., & Taryan, S. (2003) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01126.x · Cited by 65
Depression and suicidal behavior in adolescents: a multi-informant and multi-methods approach to diagnostic classification
Lewis, A. J., Bertino, M. D., Bailey, C. M., Skewes, J., Lubman, D. I., & Toumbourou, J. W. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00766 · Cited by 66
“Items were identified from the DEQ according to their loading onto two subscales; dependency and efficacy (Blatt et al., 1982, 1992, 1995).”
BackgroundMethod
Trait vulnerability and coping strategies in the transition to motherhood
Avi Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2003) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-003-1013-7 · Cited by 66
“Internal homogeneity and test-retest reliability was adequate ( Blatt et al., 1982 ).”
Method
Depressive Attributional Style: The Role of Self‐Esteem
Tennen, H. A., Herzberger, S. D., & Nelson, H. F. (1987) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00456.x · Cited by 67
The Revolting Self: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of the Experience of Self‐Disgust in Females With Depressive Symptoms
Powell, P. A., Overton, P. G., & Simpson, J. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22049 · Cited by 87
Immature dependence and self‐criticism predict the recurrence of major depression
Mongrain, M., & Leather, F. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20263 · Cited by 64
An Overview of Depression-Prone Personality Traits and the Role of Interpersonal Sensitivity
Boyce, P. M., & Mason, C. (1996) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048679609076076 · Cited by 63
Cognitive Vulnerability to Depressed Affect in Dependent and Self-Critical College Women
Mongrain, M., & Zuroff, D. C. (1989) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1989.3.3.240 · Cited by 64
Self-citation
Conceptualization and assessment of personality factors in depression
Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Endler, N. S., & Bagby, R. M. (1995) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2410090504 · Cited by 63
“Indirect support for this possibility is provided by research which indicates that elevated levels of depression are reported by individuals who are characterized jointly by dependency and self-criticism (Blatt et al., 1982; Klein et al., 1988).”
Background
Attachment styles and suicide-related behaviors in adolescence: the mediating role of self-criticism and dependency
Falgares, G., Marchetti, D., De Santis, S., Carrozzino, D., Kopala-Sibley, D. C., Fulcheri, M., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00036 · Cited by 63
Analysis and Revision of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire: Examining Scale Performance as a Function of Scale Length
Santor, D. A., Zuroff, D. C., & Fielding, A. (1997) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6901_8 · Cited by 63
Self-citation
Relatedness, Self-Definition, and Early Adolescent Adjustment
Kuperminc, G. P., Blatt, S. J., & Leadbeater, B. J. R. (1997) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021826500037 · Cited by 61
“It is well established (e.g., Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, MacDonald, & Zuroff, 1982 ) that the BDI assesses primarily a self-critical type of depression and only secondarily a depression associated with interpersonal concerns about loss and abandonment.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Spouse-Specific Dependency Scale: Scale Development
Rathus, J. H., & O’Leary, K. D. (1997) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1023/a:1022884627567 · Cited by 64
“Interpersonal dependency can be broadly defined as the over-reliance on significant interpersonal relationships to define the view of the self, such that one goes to great lengths to acquire, protect, and preserve close relationships with others (e.g., Beck, 1982; Blatt et al., 1982; Hirschfeld et al., 1976).”
Background
Pseudomaturity among Adolescents: Construct Validation, Sex Differences, and Associations in Adulthood
Newcomb, M. D. (1996) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204269602600209 · Cited by 62
Ideal and Actual Romantic Partners of Women Varying in Dependency and Self‐Criticism
Zuroff, D. C., & de Lorimier, S. (1989) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00496.x · Cited by 59
Self-citation
Maternal perinatal mental health: Associations with bonding, mindfulness, and self‐criticism at 18 months’ postpartum
Brassel, A., Townsend, M. L., Pickard, J. A., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2020) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21827 · Cited by 59
The mediating role of self-criticism and dependency in the association between perceptions of maternal caring and depressive symptoms
Campos, R. C., Avi Besser, A., & Blatt, S. J. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20763 · Cited by 59
“[7–22] Highly selfcritical individuals may experience depressive states when confronted with stressful life events, particularly events that disrupt self-definition and/or a sense of personal achievement.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Depression as a concealable stigmatized identity: what influences whether students conceal or reveal their depression in undergraduate research experiences?
Cooper, K. M., Gin, L. E., & Brownell, S. E. (2020) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-020-00216-5 · Cited by 59
Self-criticism and Interpersonal Dependency as vulnerability factors to depression
Franche, R., & Dobson, K. S. (1992) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01183166 · Cited by 59
“Concerning studies based on currently depressed patients and college populations, the self-criticism scale of the Depressive Experience Questionnaire was found to be more related to depression than the dependency scale (Blatt et al, 1976; Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, & Zuroff, 1982; Pi-Ion, Olioff, Bryson, & Doa…”
Method
Continuous performance tests: A comparison of modalities
Baker, D. B., Taylor, C. J., & Leyva, C. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199507)51:4 · Cited by 39
The effect of conflict at work on well-being: Depressive symptoms as a vulnerability factor
Meier, L. L., Semmer, N. K., & Gross, S. (2014) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2013.876691 · Cited by 65
The effect of agency and communality on self-esteem: Gender differences in longitudinal data
Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1992) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00289869 · Cited by 58
“Efficacy was measured by two scales from the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, & Zuroff, 1982 ).”
Method
Computer experience, attitudes toward computers and personality characteristics in psychology undergraduates
Sigurðsson, J. F. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90259-e · Cited by 56
Depressive features in holocaust survivors with post-traumatic stress disorder
Yehuda, R., Kahana, B., Southwick, S. M., et al. (1994) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/bf02103016 · Cited by 57
Adult Outcomes of Adolescent Conventional and Agentic Orientations:
Stein, J. A., & Newcomb, M. D. (1999) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431699019001003 · Cited by 55
“Efficacy was indicated with the 5-item scale of Blatt et al. (1982) described previously.”
Method
Perfectionism in Pediatric Anxiety and Depressive Disorders
Affrunti, N. W., & Woodruff-Borden, J. (2014) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0164-4 · Cited by 54
“These processes are often seen in depression and anxiety disorders (e.g., Blatt et al. 1982; Cox et al. 2000).”
Activity, Passivity, Self‐Denigration, and Self‐Promotion: Toward an Interactionist Model of Interpersonal Dependency
Bornstein, R. F., Riggs, J. M., Hill, E. L., & Calabrese, C. (1996) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00525.x · Cited by 58
Contingencies of self-worth: Progress and prospects
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., & Sommers, S. R. (2004) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280440000017 · Cited by 58
Cognitive functioning in depression: a review of theory and research
Willner, P. (1984) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700019784 · Cited by 52
Depression and situational helplessness/mastery in a sample selected to study childhood parental loss
Harris, T., Brown, G. W., & Bifulco, A. T. (1990) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(90)90047-c · Cited by 51
An interactive‐synergetic approach to the assessment of personality vulnerability to depression: Illustration using the adolescent version of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire
Shahar, G., Gallagher, E. F., Blatt, S. J., Kuperminc, G. P., & Leadbeater, B. J. R. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10237 · Cited by 50
Self-citation
When the separation-individuation process goes awry
Kins, E., Beyers, W., & Soenens, B. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025412454027 · Cited by 55
The Relative Specificity of Excessive Reassurance-Seeking to Depressive Symptoms and Diagnoses Among Clinical Samples of Adults and Youth
Joiner, T. E., Metalsky, G. I., Gençöz, F., & Gençöz, T. (2001) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1011039406970 · Cited by 50
“Somewhat similar views have been articulated regarding the dominant-other, sociotropic, anaclitic, and dependent interpersonal styles as risk factors for depression (Arieti & Bemporad, 1980; Beck, 1983; Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, & Zuroff, 1982; see also, Akiskal, 1983; Klein, 1990).”
Background
Personality–event interaction models of depression
Robins, C. J. (1995) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2410090506 · Cited by 50
Effects of impuisivity, depression, provocation, and time on aggressive behavior
Hynan, D. J., & Grush, J. E. (1986) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(86)90115-7 · Cited by 49
Self-criticism, dependency and depressive symptoms in a nationwide sample of Norwegian physicians
Vaglum, P., & Falkum, E. (1999) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00081-0 · Cited by 48
Moral injury and mental health outcomes among Israeli health and social care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a latent class analysis approach
Zerach, G., & Levi‐Belz, Y. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1945749 · Cited by 46
Perfectionism, narcissism, and depression in suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescent inpatients
Freudenstein, O., Valevski, A., Apter, A., Zohar, A. H., Shoval, G., Nahshoni, E., Weizman, A., & Zalsman, G. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.08.011 · Cited by 46
“Individuals who suffer more of self-critical depression are at high risk for serious and lethal suicide attempts [14].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Parental abusive versus supportive behaviors and their relation to hostility and aggression in young adults
Nicholas, K. B., & Bieber, S. L. (1996) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(96)00115-9 · Cited by 46
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Impact of a Family-Based Adolescent Depression Intervention on both Youth and Parent Mental Health Outcomes
Poole, L. A., Knight, T., Toumbourou, J. W., Lubman, D. I., Bertino, M. D., & Lewis, A. J. (2017) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0292-7 · Cited by 46
Perfectionism and Fear of Intimacy: Implications for Relationships
Martin, J. L., & Ashby, J. S. (2004) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/1066480704267279 · Cited by 45
Mediational mechanisms involved in the relation between attachment insecurity and depression: A meta-analysis
Cortés‐García, L., Takkouche, B., Rodríguez‐Cano, R., & Senra, C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.082 · Cited by 48
The Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale: Psychometric Properties in Depressed Adolescents
Rogers, G. M., Park, J.-H., Essex, M. J., Klein, M. H., Silva, S. G., Hoyle, R. H., Curry, J. F., Feeny, N. C., Kennard, B. D., Kratochvil, C. J., et al. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410903259007 · Cited by 45
“The factor analytic studies of the DAS are consistent with two personality configurations proposed in psychodynamic as well as cognitive theories of depression (Beck, 1983 ; Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, & Zuroff, 1982 ).”
Method
Negative cognitive styles synergistically predict suicidal ideation in bipolar spectrum disorders: A 3-year prospective study
Stange, J. P., Hamilton, J. L., Burke, T. A., Kleiman, E. M., O’Garro-Moore, J. K., Seligman, N. D., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.042 · Cited by 47
“…style stemming from perfectionistic beliefs and an inability to derive satisfaction from successes, which results in negative evaluations of oneself (e.g., Blatt et al., 1982), and which has frequently been linked to greater severity of suicidal ideation and behavior (Fazaa and Page, 2003).”
Mixed anaclitic-introjective psychopathology in treatment-resistant inpatients undergoing psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
Shahar, G., Blatt, S. J., & Ford, R. Q. (2003) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/0736-9735.20.1.84 · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Interpersonal and Achievement Orientations and Specific Stressors Predicting Depressive and Aggressive Symptoms in Children
Little, S. A., & Garber, J. (2000) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1005535327428 · Cited by 45
“The SASC was constructed to tap the constructs of sociotropy and autonomy (Beck, 1983) as well as self-criticism (Blatt, 1974; Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, & Zuroff, 1982 ).”
Method
Cigarette Smoking, Academic Lifestyle, and Social Impact Efficacy: An Eight‐Year Study from Early Adolescence to Young Adulthood1
Newcomb, M. D., McCarthy, W. J., & Bentler, P. M. (1989) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00054.x · Cited by 44
The Quality of Depression in Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder
Wixom, J., Ludolph, P. S., & Westen, D. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199311000-00009 · Cited by 43
Interpersonal dependency and social loss
Overholser, J. C. (1992) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90212-8 · Cited by 43
Levels of Relatedness Within the Dependency Factor of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire for Adolescents
Blatt, S. J., Zohar, A. H., Quinlan, D. M., & Luthar, S. S. (1996) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6701_4 · Cited by 43
Self-citation
Validating the McGill Revision of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire
Santor, D. A., Zuroff, D. C., Mongrain, M., & Fielding, A. (1997) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6901_9 · Cited by 42
Self-citation
Neuropsychodynamics of alcoholism and addiction: Personality, psychopathology, and cognitive style
Miller, L. (1990) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/0740-5472(90)90034-n · Cited by 42
INTERPERSONAL RELATEDNESS AND SELF-DEFINITION IN LATE ADULTHOOD DEPRESSION: PERSONALITY PREDISPOSITIONS, AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS
Avi Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2005) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2005.33.4.351 · Cited by 45
“Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were adequate (Blatt et al., 1982).”
Method
Reflections on the Silencing the Self Scale and Its Origins
Jack, D. C. (2011) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684311414824 · Cited by 42
Personality style, differential vulnerability, and clinical course in immunological and cardiovascular disease
Blatt, S. J., Cornell, C. E., & Eshkol, E. (1993) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(93)90013-c · Cited by 42
Self-citation
Dependency, Self-Criticism, and Recollections of Parenting: Sex Differences and the Role of Depressive Affect
Whiffen, V. E., & Sasseville, T. M. (1991) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1991.10.2.121 · Cited by 42
Dimensions of Depression and Perfectionism in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women: Their Levels and Interrelationships and Their Relationship to Marital Satisfaction
Dimitrovsky, L., Levy‐Shiff, R., & Schattner-Zanany, I. (2002) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980209604824 · Cited by 40
Hierarchical models of personality and psychopathology: the case of self-criticism, neuroticism, and depression
Clara, I. P., Cox, B. J., & Enns, M. W. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00143-5 · Cited by 40
Depressive features in Holocaust survivors with post‐traumatic stress disorder
Yehuda, R., Kahana, B., Southwick, S. M., et al. (1994) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490070414 · Cited by 40
Neural representation and clinically relevant moderators of individualised self-criticism in healthy subjects
Doerig, N., Schlumpf, Y., Spinelli, S., Späti, J., Brakowski, J., Quednow, B. B., Seifritz, E., & Grosse Holtforth, M. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst123 · Cited by 37
“The potentially harmful impact of self-criticism on mental health and its central involvement in depressive pathology (Blatt, 1982; Carver, 1983) raise the question of how healthy people deal with perceived selfdiscrepancies without experiencing adverse consequences.”
Background
Age does not matter: Memory complaints are related to negative affect throughout adulthood
Rowell, S. F., Green, J. S., Teachman, B. A., & Salthouse, T. A. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1078284 · Cited by 39
“memory complaints by influencing perceived self-worth and doubt (Blatt et al., 1982), and neuroticism may lead”
Background
Psychosocial correlates of clinical depression after psychiatric in-patient treatment: methodological issues and baseline differences between recovered and non-recovered patients
Veiel, H. O. F., Kühner, C., Brill, G., & Ihle, W. (1992) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700030361 · Cited by 38
Development and Depression
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From stress to psychopathology: Relationship with self-reassurance and self-criticism in Czech University students
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“More specifically, dependents are preoccupied with the danger of losing relationships (Blatt et al., 1982; Mongrain and Zuroff, 1994), whereas self-critics are not motivated to establish intimate relationships and are dissatisfied with the relationships they do establish ( Blatt et al., 1982; Mongrain and Zuroff, 1994…”
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“…with problems in interpersonal relatedness (“anaclitic” or dependent personality configuration) and those being preoccupied mainly with self-definitional issues (“introjective” or self-critical personality configuration) (Blatt et al., 2010; Blatt, 2004; Blatt et al., 1982; Marshall et al., 2008).”
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“Over time, Lisa’s feelings of helplessness and dependency led to extremely negative feelings about herself, key issues that have been identified in depression (Blatt et al. 1982; Seligman 1975).”
BackgroundInfluential
Two Primary Configurations of Psychopathology and Change in Thought Disorder in Long-Term Intensive Inpatient Treatment of Seriously Disturbed Young Adults
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“Consistent with previous studies,([3,14,26,27,40]) self-criticism presented stronger correlations with TABLE 4.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation

Authors: Blatt, S. J., Quinlan, D. M., Chevron, E. S., McDonald, C., & Zuroff, D.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1982
Volume: 50
Issue: 1
Pages: 113-124
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.50.1.113
OpenAlex: W2034906515
Cited by: 589
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 12.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: dependency, self-criticism, depression, personality traits
MeSH terms: Adult, Dependency, Psychological, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Self Concept

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Dependency and self-criticism: Psychological dimensions of depression

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