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Dependency and self-criticism: Psychological dimensions of depression
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“another key factor to depression3”
From Efficacy of Online-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
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Pillow, D. R., West, S. G., & Reich, J. W. (1991) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(91)90005-b · Cited by 10
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Campos, R. C., Avi Besser, A., & Blatt, S. J. (2013) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2013.104 · Cited by 9
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Psychosocial situations, quality of depression and schizophrenia in adolescents
Zalsman, G., Posmanik, S., Fischel, T., Horesh, N., Gothelf, D., Gal, G., Sadeh, A., Weizman, A., & Apter, A. S. (2004) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.04.008 · Cited by 9
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Geurtzen, N., Keijsers, G. P. J., Karremans, J. C., & Hutschemaekers, G. J. M. (2018) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/int0000150 · Cited by 8
Beshai, S., Prentice, J. L., Swan, J. L., & Dobson, K. S. (2014) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2014.907232 · Cited by 8
“This finding is in line with previous research that has found that depressed or dysphoric individuals report more dysfunctional attitudes relative to their nondepressed counterparts (Beshai et al., 2012; Dobson et al., 1998; Blatt et al., 1982).”
ResultParental Images in Two Cultures
Luthar, S. S., & Quinlan, D. M. (1993) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022193242004 · Cited by 8
Self-citationThe Importance of Achievement, Intimacy, Autonomy, and Life Events Among First Year College Students
Santiago‐Rivera, A. L., Gard, T., & Bernstein, B. L. (1999) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1300/j035v13n03_05 · Cited by 8
A diathesis-stress model conceptualization of depressive symptomatology
Kalamatianos, A., & Canellopoulos, L. (2019) · Psychiatriki · doi:10.22365/jpsych.2019.301.49 · Cited by 8
Exploring the sociotropy‐autonomy dimensions in a sample of Turkish psychiatric inpatients*
Şahin, N. H., Ulusoy, M., & Şahin, N. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10198 · Cited by 8
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Bell, M. D., Lysaker, P. H., & Mestein, R. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199207)48:4 · Cited by 22
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Leahy, R. L. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3635-6_7 · Cited by 8
The personality disorders: A review and critique of contemporary assessment strategies
Overholser, J. C. (1994) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/bf02310272 · Cited by 7
“, 1990) or college samples (Blatt et al., 1982).”
Lo, B. C. Y., & Cheng, S. K. L. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14111111 · Cited by 14
Trait and symptom differences between factions in online gaming: The vulnerable side of evil
Orr, E. S., Ross, C., & Orr, R. R. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.022 · Cited by 8
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Self-report screening measures for depression in chronic pain patients
Turner, J. A., & Romano, J. M. (1984) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198407)40:4 · Cited by 222
The Prospective Relations Between Drug Problems and Intimacy in a Community Sample of Adults
Vargas-Carmona, J., Newcomb, M. D., & Galaif, E. R. (2002) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.21.2.129.22515 · Cited by 7
“” The five-item dependence scale from the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt et al., 1982) was used to measure this variable.”
MethodHong, L., & Zainal, S. R. M. (2024) · Journal of Asia Business Studies · doi:10.1108/jabs-08-2023-0313 · Cited by 15
Associations between patient personality, symptomatic change and therapy dropout
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Perfectionism, efficacy, and daily coping and affect in depression over 6 months
Richard, A., Dunkley, D. M., Zuroff, D. C., Moroz, M., Foley, J. E., Lewkowski, M. D., Myhr, G., & Westreich, R. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23079 · Cited by 7
Self-citationDEPRESSIVE EXPERIENCE AND ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD
Morrison, T. L., Urquiza, A. J., & Goodlin‐Jones, B. L. (1998) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1998.82.1.339 · Cited by 6
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Brewin, C. R. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0827-8_13 · Cited by 6
Relatedness and Self‐Definition in Normal and Disrupted Personality Development
Blatt, S. J., & Luyten, P. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781118001868.ch3 · Cited by 6
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Neediness and depression in women
Campos, R. C., Mesquita, I., Avi Besser, A., & Blatt, S. J. (2014) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2014.78.1.16 · Cited by 5
Self-citationExploring Working Memory, Self-Criticism, and Rumination as Factors Related to Self-Harm
Carpenter, R. K., & Alloway, T. P. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221074258 · Cited by 8
“Construct validity of the DEQ has also been supported by relating to measures of depression such as the Beck Depression Inventory (Blatt et al., 1982).”
MethodDeng, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, H., Tian, S., Zhang, Y., & Hu, X. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00713-2 · Cited by 6
“The greater distress of mixed-vulnerability individuals has been attributed to unstable personality structures, regressive defense mechanisms, and cognitive-affective structures relevant to both vulnerabilities (Blatt et al., 1982; Zuroff, 1992).”
Introjective Individuals Tend Toward Anhedonia: Self-Report and Experimental Evidence
Silva, J. R., Vivanco-Carlevari, A., Martìnez, C., & Krause, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00298 · Cited by 5
Emotional Needs and Schematic Functioning in Depression: A Narrative Review
Stroian, P. (2021) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · doi:10.24193/jebp.2021.1.2 · Cited by 6
“Two additional constructs, dependence and self-criticism, have been proposed by Blatt (1974; Blatt et al., 1982) and the two pairs of concepts have been discussed as having a significant degree of overlap (e.g. Coyne & Whiffen, 1995; Fairbrother & Moretti, 1998; Rude & Burnham, 1993).”
APPREHENSION ABOUT COMMUNICATION AND HUMAN RESILIENCE
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Yuh, J., Neiderhiser, J. M., Lichtenstein, P., Hansson, K., Cederblad, M., Elthammer, O., & Reiss, D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20587 · Cited by 5
Cognitive Measures of Depression
Blackburn, I. M. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73393-2_5 · Cited by 5
Qualitative Analysis of Chair Tasks in Emotion-Focused Therapy Video Sessions
Bailey, G., Halamová, J., & Gablíková, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912942 · Cited by 5
“Doubting one’s own decisions and behaviours and being ambivalent about one’s self is one of the key components of depression [58].”
BackgroundBlatt, S. J. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6214-0_4 · Cited by 4
Self-citationSelf-reassurance, Self-criticism, and Eye-tracking of Happy Faces
Strnádelová, B., Halamová, J., & Mentel, A. (2019) · Studia Psychologica · doi:10.21909/sp.2019.03.782 · Cited by 4
Factors That Influence Depressive Symptoms in Mothers of Infants
Lutz, W. J., & Hock, E. (1998) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00172.x · Cited by 4
“Previous cross-sectional studies have demonstrated the relation of dependency to depressive symptoms (Blatt et al., 1976, 1982); the unique contribution of the present study is its determination that, even though dependency was strongly related to depressjve symptoms at the initial time of…”
BackgroundPersonality and Depression: A Validation Study of the Depressive Experience Questionnaire
Lehman, A. K., & Elils, B. (1997) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6801_16 · Cited by 11
Stiles, T. C., & Götestam, K. G. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73393-2_6 · Cited by 4
Understanding the role of depression in the alcoholic
Lutz, D. J., & Snow, P. A. (1985) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(85)90033-9 · Cited by 4
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Psychological Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease
Dumitrescu, A. L., & Wright, C. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03010-9_8 · Cited by 3
Achtsamkeit und Selbstmitgefühl in der Psychotherapie – state of the art
Gruber, E., Bents, H., & Mander, J. (2020) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60318-5_2 · Cited by 3
Hughes, D. C., Turnbull, J. E., & Blazer, D. G. (1992) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(92)90006-r · Cited by 3
Factors Contributing to Sustained Therapeutic Gain in Outpatient Treatments of Depression
Blatt, S. J., Zuroff, D. C., & Hawley, L. L. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-444-5_12 · Cited by 3
“The fact that the therapeutic relationship prospectively predicts therapeutic outcome suggests that the therapeutic relationship is a causal factor in the treatment process, (see summaries of this research [18, 19, 26, 65, 68, 69]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAnticonformity aspects of depression in mild depressive states.
Wallace, J. E., Becker, J., Coppel, D., & Cox, G. (1983) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00871.x · Cited by 2
Ritter, K., & Moore, T. M. (2012) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650112461172 · Cited by 2
Leutritz, A. L., Čolić, L., Borchardt, V., Cheng, X. M., Zhang, B., Lison, S., Frommer, J., Buchheim, A., Strauss, B. M., Fonagy, P., et al. (2019) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12258 · Cited by 2
The Core Conflictual Relationship Theme: A Psychodynamic Formulation of the Case of Mrs Lewis
Barrett, M. S. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470747513.ch16 · Cited by 2
Depression, object relations, and reality testing in women survivors of childhood abuse
Carson, A. T., & Baker, R. C. (1995) · Depression · doi:10.1002/depr.3050030604 · Cited by 2
Besser, A. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.07.003 · Cited by 2
Neequaye, D. A., & Giolla, E. M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fmp8h · Cited by 2
“…of the constructs “anxiety” (Akiskal, 1998; Nyatanga & de Vocht, 2006; Cambre, & Cook, 1985), “love” (Beall & Sternberg, 1995; Fehr, 1988; Fehr & Russell, 1991) and “depression” (Blatt et al., 1982; Haaga et al., 1991), researchers have written ex- tensively about defining these difficult concepts.”
Yu, Z., Xu, Y., Zhu, Q., Mao, H., Zhang, B., Xu, S. H. A. O., & Wang, W. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-493588/v1 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, Dependent style was associated with depression in MD, which was in line with the reports that patients with dependent personality disorder were depressed [51].”
ResultLeeuw, R. N. H. D., Scholte, R. H. J., Harakeh, Z., Leeuwe, J. F. J. V., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2007) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437190701472504 · Cited by 3
Li, Y., Li, P., & Deng, Y. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121537 · Cited by 2
Lombas, A. S. (2019) · Revista de Investigación y Educación en Ciencias de la Salud (RIECS) · doi:10.37536/riecs.2019.4.s1.124 · Cited by 2
“Theoretically, self-compassion is an important factor of mental health, because in selfcompassionate people the psychological suffering, that eventually one experiences in life, presumably are not exaggerated and maintained through harsh self-criticism [10], feelings of loneliness [11] and over-identification with tho…”
BackgroundAz Önkritikusság és Önmegerősítés Skála hazai validálása
Borostyánkői, Z., Takács, S., & Szabó-Bartha, A. (2021) · Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika · doi:10.1556/0406.22.2021.004 · Cited by 1
Song, K. (2021) · THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.35574/kjdp.2021.6.34.2.23 · Cited by 1
Beshai, S., Bueno, C., & Salimuddin, S. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02261-x · Cited by 3
“Researchers have consistently demonstrated that NATS is linearly and positively associated with depressive symptoms, so that with higher symptoms there is a higher likelihood of experiencing NATS (Blatt et al., 1982; Dobson & Shaw, 1986; Dudek et al., 2007; Lamberton & Oei, 2008; Oei et al., 2010).”
Young Adults Coping with Sibling Loss: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use Disorder
Shaer, B.-G., Gross, Z., & Efrati, Y. (2025) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-025-00758-2 · Cited by 2
“Self-criticism has been strongly linked to psychopathology (Blatt et al., 1982; McIntyre et al., 2018), and within the framework of the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), it is considered a key factor that may influence the progression from stress to psychopathology…”
Campos, R. C. (2017) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.1238 · Cited by 1
Interpersonal Psychotherapy With Expressive Art for Depression in a Psycho-Oncology Context
Bourke, J. D., Plant, C., & Wooldridge, S. (2018) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650118796340 · Cited by 1
Depression and Suicide: An Interrelated Mental Health Challenge Among Adolescents
Archana, & Kumar, U. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9881-1_9 · Cited by 1
Zborowski, M. J., & McNamara, P. (1998) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037//0736-9735.15.1.115 · Cited by 1
Depression, gender, gender role traits, and the wish to be held
Sanfilipo, M. P. (1993) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00289682 · Cited by 1
“Women did report higher levels of anaclitic depression than men in this study, as well as in others ( Blatt et al., 1982; Chevron et aL, 1978; Stein & Sanfilipo, 1985; Zuroff et at, 1990); however, greater anaclitic depression was associated with higher levels of depression in men (r = .26, p < .05), but not in women…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSmith, V. H. (1999) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/s0103-166x1999000300003 · Cited by 1
DEPRESSIVE EXPERIENCE AND ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD
Morrison, T. L. (1998) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.82.1.339-349 · Cited by 1
Disordered Gambling and Personality Traits
Nikolas, M. A., & Hopwood, C. J. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118316078.ch6
Sato, T., Sakado, K., Uehara, T., et al. (1998) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.1998.00409.x
Treatment of Severe Relational Incompetence: One Approach Is Not Enough
L’Abate, L., Cusinato, M., Maino, E., Colesso, W., & Scilletta, C. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5665-1_21
Self-compassion and learning from failure*
Shepherd, D. A., Williams, T. A., Wolfe, M. T., & Patzelt, H. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316416242.003
The Relationship between Explicit/Implicit Dependency and Depression
박, 선., & Oh, K. (2016) · 인지과학 · doi:10.19066/cogsci.2016.27.4.004
Archana, & Kumar, U. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4816-6_6 · Cited by 1
Core Psychodynamic Models of Depression and Their Therapeutic Implications
Lee, I.-S. (2018) · Psychoanalysis · doi:10.18529/psychoanal.2018.29.2.19
БАТЬКІВСЬКИЙ ПЕРФЕКЦІОНІЗМ ЯК ЧИННИК ПЕРФЕКЦІОНІЗМУ СТУДЕНТСЬКОЇ МОЛОДІ
університет, У. К., & Zavada, T. (2016) · PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL · doi:10.31108/1.2016.1.3.6
Depression im interpersonellen Zusammenhang
Joiner, T. E., Timmons, K. A., Schramm, E., & Belz, M. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-22426-3.00005-x
Depression in the Light of Some Psychoanalytic Theories
Kušević, Z., Friščić, T., Babić, G., & Vukelić, D. J. (2020) · Socijalna psihijatrija · doi:10.24869/spsih.2020.72 · Cited by 1
“Through overcompensation they strive to achieve and maintain approval and recognition” (78-83).”
BackgroundInfluentialТЕОРЕТИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНИХ ОСОБЛИВОСТЕЙ ПЕРФЕКЦІОНІЗМУ У ЮНАЦЬКОМУ ВІЦІ
Марчук, С. (2021) · Psychological Prospects Journal · doi:10.29038/2227-1376-2021-37-141-154
Autocriticismo e tentativas de suicídio em indivíduos com experiência de doença mental
Campos, R. C., & Rainha, A. (2021) · Revista Portuguesa de Psicologia · doi:10.21631/rpp49_3
Distrust as a psychological phenomenon
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Kalamatianos, A., & Canellopoulos, L. (2022) · Psychiatriki · doi:10.22365/jpsych.2022.062
Affrunti, N. W. (2017) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/2739 · Cited by 1
APPREHENSION ABOUT COMMUNICATION AND HUMAN RESILIENCE
GLASER, M. (1998) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.82.2.583-586
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Positive Psychology and Leadership
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Metadata
- Authors
- Blatt, S. J., Quinlan, D. M., Chevron, E. S., McDonald, C., & Zuroff, D.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1982
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 113-124
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2034906515
- Cited by
- 589
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 12.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- dependency, self-criticism, depression, personality traits
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Dependency, Psychological, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Self Concept
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