The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters
Abstract
Self-reported and observer-rated signs and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal were assessed precessation and 2, 7, 14, 30, 90, and 180 days postcessation in smokers who quit on their own for 30 days. Anxiety, difficulty concentrating, hunger, irritability, restlessness, and weight gain increased, and heart rate decreased, postcessation (p less than .001). Except for hunger and weight gain, these symptoms returned to precessation levels by 30 days postcessation. Craving, depression, and alcohol or caffeine intake did not reliably increase. Postcessation depression, but not withdrawal symptoms, craving, or weight gain, predicted relapse. These results are consistent with prior studies.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These symptoms include difficulty concentrating, increased craving, depressed mood, and increased anxiety (Hughes, 1992(Hughes, , 2007)).”
From Activation of α4β2*/α6β2* nicotinic receptors alleviates anxiety during nicotine withdrawal without upregulating nicotinic receptors (2014) · cites this paper as Hughes, 1992
In the citing paper
“In humans, although most reports of anxiety occur during the first 24 hours, a return to baseline can take up to 4 weeks (Hughes, 1992).”
From Activation of α4β2*/α6β2* nicotinic receptors alleviates anxiety during nicotine withdrawal without upregulating nicotinic receptors (2014) · cites this paper as Hughes, 1992
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 307
Dawes, G. M., Sitharthan, T., Conigrave, K. M., Phung, N., & Weltman, M. (2011) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.3109/14659891.2010.499491 · Cited by 14
Smoking cessation: A successful behavioral/pharmacologic interface
Klesges, R. C., Ward, K. D., & DeBon, M. W. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(96)00028-1 · Cited by 13
Yildirim, E., Connor, D. A., & Gould, T. J. (2014) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000111 · Cited by 13
Successful Change in Tobacco Use in Schizophrenia
Goldberg, J. O. (2010) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390309357084 · Cited by 13
Lee, B. G., Anastasía, A., Hempstead, B. L., Lee, F. S., & Blendy, J. A. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv047 · Cited by 13
A Multifaceted Hypnosis Smoking-Cessation Program: Enhancing Motivation and Goal Attainment
Green, J. P., & Lynn, S. J. (2017) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2017.1314740 · Cited by 13
Investigation of Cigarette Smokers Who Quit without Treatment
Stewart, C. (1999) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204269902900111 · Cited by 14
Carton, S., Houezec, J. L., Lagrue, G., & Jouvent, R. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00468-2 · Cited by 13
Ma, P., Kendzor, D. E., Poonawalla, I. B., et al. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.013 · Cited by 12
Mayer, C., Vandecasteele, H., Bodo, M., Primo, C., Slachmuylder, J., Kaufman, L., & Razavi, D. (2010) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1375/jsc.5.1.83 · Cited by 12
McLeish, A. C., Farris, S. G., Johnson, A. L., Bernstein, J. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.07.021 · Cited by 12
Chiuccariello, L., Boileau, I., Guranda, M., Rusjan, P., Wilson, A. A., Zawertailo, L. A., Houle, S., Busto, U. E., & Foll, B. L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060382 · Cited by 12
Thomas, J., Bronars, C. A., Stewart, D. W., Okuyemi, K. S., Befort, C. A., Nazir, N., Mayo, M. S., Jeffries, S. K., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2009) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897070802606345 · Cited by 12
Emergence of Dormant Conditioned Incentive Approach by Conditioned Withdrawal in Nicotine Addiction
Scott, D., & Hiroi, N. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.017 · Cited by 11
Tucker, J. S., Shadel, W. G., Golinelli, D., Seelam, R., & Siconolfi, D. E. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00092-7 · Cited by 11
Baliunas, D. O., Selby, P. L., de Oliveira, C., Kurdyak, P. A., Rosella, L. C., Zawertailo, L. A., Fu, L., & Sutradhar, R. (2021) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056522 · Cited by 11
Cortez-Garland, M., Cohen, L. M., VanderVeen, J. W., & Cook, K. L. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.10.016 · Cited by 11
Observer reports of smoking status: A replication
Hughes, J. R. (1992) · Journal of Substance Abuse · doi:10.1016/0899-3289(92)90046-z · Cited by 11
Self-citationEffects of rapid smoking on post‐cessation urges to smoke
McRobbie, H. J., & Hájek, P. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01730.x · Cited by 10
Cohn, A. M., Ehlke, S. J., & Cobb, C. O. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.12.004 · Cited by 11
Koob, G. F., & Moal, M. L. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012419239-3/50043-6 · Cited by 10
Craving: A Problematic Concept in Smoking Research
Gilbert, H. M., & Warburton, D. M. (2000) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066350009009522 · Cited by 10
An Overview of Nicotine Use Disorders for Alcohol/Drug Abuse Clinicians
Hughes, J. R. (1996) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.1996.tb00310.x · Cited by 10
Self-citationExamining smoking dependence motives among African American light smokers
Bronars, C. A., Faseru, B., Krebill, R., Mayo, M. S., Snow, T. M., Okuyemi, K. S., Ahluwalia, J. S., & Cox, L. S. (2014) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1017/jsc.2014.7 · Cited by 9
Liebrenz, M., Fisher, C. E., Nellen, R., Frei, A. L., Biechl, A. C., Hiestand, N., Huber, A., Buadze, A., & Eich, D. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0911-9 · Cited by 9
Chen, J., Chen, J., Hu, J., Huang, R., Shen, L., Gu, H., Chai, X., & Wang, D. (2023) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14306 · Cited by 9
Blebil, A. Q., Sulaiman, S. A. S., Hassali, M. A., Dujaili, J. A., & Zin, A. M. (2014) · Value in Health Regional Issues · doi:10.1016/j.vhri.2013.09.001 · Cited by 8
Montemitro, C., Ossola, P., Ross, T. J., Huys, Q. J. M., Fedota, J. R., Salmeron, B. J., di Giannantonio, M., & Stein, E. A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84091-y · Cited by 9
Dynamic models of stress-smoking responses based on high-frequency sensor data
Hojjatinia, S., Daly, E., Hnat, T. W., Hossain, S. M., Kumar, S., Lagoa, C. M., Nahum-Shani, I. B., Samiei, S. A., Spring, B. J., & Conroy, D. E. (2021) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00532-2 · Cited by 8
A Comprehensive Approach to Tobacco Dependence Interventions
Baldassarri, S. R., Toll, B. A., & Leone, F. T. (2015) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2015.04.007 · Cited by 8
Markou, A., Chiamulera, C., & West, R. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373861-5.00026-6 · Cited by 10
Schuster, R. M., Pachas, G. N., Stoeckel, L. E., Cather, C., Nadal-Vicens, M. F., Mischoulon, D., Schoenfeld, D., Zhang, H., Ulysse, C. A., Dodds, E. B., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000919 · Cited by 8
Addiction, smoking and health: Developing policy-based interventions
Marks, D. F. (1998) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548509808400594 · Cited by 8
Tonkin, S., Williams, T. F., Simms, L. J., Tiffany, S. T., Mahoney, M. C., Schnoll, R. A., Cinciripini, P. M., & Hawk, L. W. (2018) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nty262 · Cited by 9
Jhanjee, S., Jain, R., Jain, V., Gupta, T., Mittal, S., Goelz, P. M., & Schnoll, R. A. (2015) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2015.1075092 · Cited by 7
Russell, C., & Davies, J. B. (2009) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-009-9057-y · Cited by 7
Westmaas, J. L., Ferrence, R. G., & Wild, T. C. (2006) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.12.013 · Cited by 7
The relationship between self-efficacy and nicotine withdrawal severity among adult smokers
Morrell, H. E. R., Skarbek, E. A., & Cohen, L. M. (2011) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359.2011.562995 · Cited by 7
Hughes, J. R. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.5.aj1515785 · Cited by 13
Self-citationToulami, M., Ghasemi, K., Rafei, P., Sangchooli, A., Nafissi, N., Zonoozi, A. K., Ardabili, H. M., Ebrahimi, M., Rezapour, T., & Ekhtiari, H. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70064 · Cited by 9
Snell, L. M., Reed, G. L., Tidey, J. W., Bunn, J. Y., Harfmann, R. F., Heil, S. H., Sigmon, S. C., Gaalema, D. E., & Higgins, S. T. (2022) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntac145 · Cited by 6
Symptoms in smokers trying to quit
Tomson, T., Toftgård, M., Gilljam, H., & Helgason, Á. R. (2006) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.1186/1617-9625-3-2-44 · Cited by 6
Roll-your-own cigarette smoking among youth experiencing homelessness
Tucker, J. S., Shadel, W. G., Seelam, R., Golinelli, D., & Siconolfi, D. E. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107632 · Cited by 6
Using Nicotine Replacement Therapy to Assist in Reducing Cigarette Consumption before Quitting
McRobbie, H. J., Whittaker, R., & Bullen, C. (2006) · Disease Management & Health Outcomes · doi:10.2165/00115677-200614060-00003 · Cited by 6
Age‐specific impacts of nicotine and withdrawal on hippocampal neuregulin signalling
Keady, J. V., Fisher, M. L., Anderson, E., LeMalefant, R., & Turner, J. R. (2022) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15780 · Cited by 5
The Etiology and Treatment of Nicotine Dependence: A Biopsychosocial Perspective
Cohen, L. M., McChargue, D. E., Cortez-Garland, M., Prensky, E. H., & Emery, S. K. (2003) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976770.n7 · Cited by 6
Yip, S. W., Balodis, I. M., Carroll, K. M., Krishnan‐Sarin, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.019 · Cited by 6
Aripiprazole Therapy for Nicotine Dependence
Ramaswamy, S. (2006) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.v08n0109b · Cited by 5
Pardo, J. V., & Pardo, P. J. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.5.785 · Cited by 5
Cannabinoid-Nicotine Interactions
Auber, A., Justinová, Z., Scherma, M., Goldberg, S. R., & Panlilio, L. V. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2294-9_13 · Cited by 4
Przulj, D., Hájek, P., Snuggs, S. J., & McRobbie, H. J. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx105 · Cited by 4
Chapter 4 – Oxidative Stress Caused by Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Abuse, and Drug Abuse
Dasgupta, A., & Klein, K. L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405872-9.00004-5 · Cited by 3
Methylphenidate-Induced Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Basil, B., Mathews, M., & Budur, K. (2006) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.v08n0109a · Cited by 5
Nicotine addiction and smoking cessation treatments
Luty, J. S. (2002) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.8.1.42 · Cited by 4
Nicotine-replacement therapy: a proven treatment for smoking cessation
Robson, N. (2010) · South African Family Practice · doi:10.1080/20786204.2010.10873993 · Cited by 4
Effects of smoking and nicotine withdrawal on prospective memory
Rash, C. J. (2007) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.3448 · Cited by 4
Carrozzino, D., Christensen, K. S., Mansueto, G., & Cosci, F. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106849 · Cited by 3
Varani, A., Pedrón, V., Aon, A. J., Canero, E., & Balerio, G. (2021) · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111786 · Cited by 4
Ellam-Dyson, V., & Palmer, S. (2006) · The Coaching Psychologist · doi:10.53841/bpstcp.2006.2.2.27 · Cited by 3
Jarvis, M. J., & Sutherland, G. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00101-2 · Cited by 2
Baliunas, D. O., Voci, S. C., Selby, P. L., de Oliveira, C., Kurdyak, P. A., Rosella, L. C., Zawertailo, L. A., Fu, L., & Sutradhar, R. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288759 · Cited by 4
Need for Smoking Cessation Support for Better Health of Employees
Sun, M. C., Erriah, J., & Ramasawmy, D. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7389-9_8 · Cited by 2
Bergmann, L., Warncke, W., & Herschel, M. (2004) · Pneumologie · doi:10.1055/s-2004-818377 · Cited by 2
Substance Abuse and Depression
Lehmann, L. P. (2001) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b14027-4 · Cited by 2
Effect of smoking abstinence on the subjective effects of caffeine
Hughes, J. R., Liguori, A., Dominick, A., et al. (1999) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622299050011341 · Cited by 2
Self-citationEvidence that Nicotine is Addictive
Stolerman, I. P., & Jarvis, M. J. (1995) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7445-8_25 · Cited by 1
Dynamic models of stress-smoking responses based on high-frequency sensor dataPreprint
Hojjatinia, S., Daly, E., Hnat, T. W., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/t7nx5 · Cited by 2
Torturous withdrawal: Emotional compulsion in addiction
Krieger, A. (2024) · European Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/ejop.12967 · Cited by 2
Oxygen as a therapy for reducing nicotine withdrawal symptoms
Granger, R. H. (2005) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.05.021 · Cited by 1
¿Mejora la entrevista motivacional la eficacia del tratamiento psicológico para dejar de fumar?
Piñeiro, B., del Río, E. F., López‐Durán, A., & Becoña, E. (2013) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.30.1.131961 · Cited by 1
Neuroimaging Insights Into the Multifaceted Nature of the Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome
Sutherland, M. T., Yanes, J. A., & Stein, E. A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802574-1.00018-1 · Cited by 1
Time Course of Cigarette Withdrawal Symptoms while Using Nicotine Patch during Ramadan
Maarof, M., Ali, A. M., Bakry, M. M., et al. (2018) · Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia · doi:10.17576/jskm-2018-21 · Cited by 1
Neurobiology and Mechanisms of Nicotine Addiction
Gogineni, H. P., Sachs, D. P. L., & Brunzell, D. H. (2023) · Respiratory medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24914-3_3 · Cited by 2
Rôle des croyances rationnelles et irrationnelles concernant la motivation à l’arrêt du tabac
Walburg, V., Arnault, S., & Callahan, S. (2013) · Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive · doi:10.1016/j.jtcc.2013.07.004 · Cited by 1
Prensky, E. H., Cohen, L. M., McChargue, D. E., & Gao, W. (2010) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2009.00019.x · Cited by 1
Time Course of Cigarette Withdrawal Symptoms while Using Nicotine Patch during Ramadan
Maarof, M., Ali, A. M., Makmor‐Bakry, M., & Taha, N. (2018) · Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia · doi:10.17576/jskm-2018-16si-21 · Cited by 2
Koob, G. F., Arends, M. A., & Moal, M. L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386937-1.00007-6 · Cited by 1
Πιλοτικό ομαδικό πρόγραμμα ψυχολογικής υποστήριξης για τη διακοπή καπνίσματος
Αγγελοπούλου, Π., Μαρόγλου, Φ., & Μακρογιάννη, Χ. (2020) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.25595 · Cited by 1
Blanchardière, A. D. L., Depieds, D., & Gueyffier, F. (2006) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/s0755-4982(06)74833-3 · Cited by 1
Molyneux, A., & Britton, J. R. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012079028-9/50123-x · Cited by 1
Hypothesis for Temporal Displacement of Metabolic and Neuronal Accommodation in Smoking Addiction
Sloan, W. (1999) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1300/j069v18n04_04 · Cited by 1
Overview of Research on Smoking Cessation: Which Directions for the Future?
Russell, M. A. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1907-2_87 · Cited by 1
THE WHYS AND WHEREFORES OF GETTING PATIENTS TO GIVE UP SMOKING
Pracy, J., & Chevretton, E. B. (2000) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2000.tb11875.x · Cited by 1
Partielle Agonisten nikotinerger Acetylcholin-Rezeptoren zur Rauchentwöhnung — ein Update
Beer, K., & Bara, Y. A. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78358-9_18
Barceloux, D. G. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118105955.ch66
Substance‐Related and Addictive Disorders: Tobacco‐Related Disorders
Ziedonis, D. M., Cimpeanu, C., & Tonelli, M. E. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch81
Stoppen met roken onder adolescenten: niet zomaar een ‘lucky strike’!
Zundert, R. M. P. V. (2011) · Verslaving · doi:10.1007/s12501-011-0036-2
Kamholz, B. W., Gulliver, S. B., & Morissette, S. B. (2006) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1300/j374v02n04_03
Understanding why people smoke and helping them to stop
McRobbie, H. J., & Myers, K. (2011) · British Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.12968/bjow.2011.2.5.39
Natural history of tobacco withdrawal: implications for smoking cessation treatment
McRobbie, H. J., & West, O. (2013) · doi:10.2217/ebo.12.262
Swalve, N. L., & Bierlein, E. (2020) · Journal of Caffeine and Adenosine Research · doi:10.1089/caff.2020.0003
McEwen, A., Hájek, P., McRobbie, H. J., & West, R. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9780470757864.ch3
Xanthines (Caffeine) and Nicotine
Schuckit, M. A. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2407-3_12
Zvolensky, M. J., Johnson, K., Yartz, A. R., & Leen‐Feldner, E. W. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09757-2_33
Xanthines (Caffeine) and Nicotine
Schuckit, M. A. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3232-0_12
Kaul, S. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470697603.ch4
Disorders Due to Substance Use: Nicotine (Including Tobacco and Vaping)
Ziedonis, D. M., Cimpeanu, C., Bachyrycz, A. M., Morelli, E., & Rancāns, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_13-1 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Hughes, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hughes, John R.
- ORCID
- Hughes, John R.
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1992
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 689-697
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2047127806
- Cited by
- 412
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl039220-03)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL39220)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA00109)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- nicotine withdrawal, smoking cessation, withdrawal symptoms, anxiety, depression, craving, recurrence prediction, weight gain, heart rate, self-reported symptoms, observer ratings
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Nicotine, Prospective Studies, Recurrence, Smoking, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Smoking Cessation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review