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Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters
Abstract
Self-reported and observer-rated signs and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal were assessed precessation and 2, 7, 14, 30, 90, and 180 days postcessation in smokers who quit on their own for 30 days. Anxiety, difficulty concentrating, hunger, irritability, restlessness, and weight gain increased, and heart rate decreased, postcessation (p less than .001). Except for hunger and weight gain, these symptoms returned to precessation levels by 30 days postcessation. Craving, depression, and alcohol or caffeine intake did not reliably increase. Postcessation depression, but not withdrawal symptoms, craving, or weight gain, predicted relapse. These results are consistent with prior studies.
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“These symptoms include difficulty concentrating, increased craving, depressed mood, and increased anxiety (Hughes, 1992(Hughes, , 2007)).”
From Activation of α4β2*/α6β2* nicotinic receptors alleviates anxiety during nicotine withdrawal without upregulating nicotinic receptors (2014) · cites this paper as Hughes, 1992
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“In humans, although most reports of anxiety occur during the first 24 hours, a return to baseline can take up to 4 weeks (Hughes, 1992).”
From Activation of α4β2*/α6β2* nicotinic receptors alleviates anxiety during nicotine withdrawal without upregulating nicotinic receptors (2014) · cites this paper as Hughes, 1992
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hughes, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hughes, John R.
- ORCID
- Hughes, John R.
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1992
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 689-697
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2047127806
- Cited by
- 412
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl039220-03)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL39220)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA00109)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- nicotine withdrawal, smoking cessation, withdrawal symptoms, anxiety, depression, craving, recurrence prediction, weight gain, heart rate, self-reported symptoms, observer ratings
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Nicotine, Prospective Studies, Recurrence, Smoking, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Smoking Cessation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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