The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of control and predictability on the physical and psychological well-being of the institutionalized aged.
Abstract
It was hypothesized that some of the characteristics frequently observed among the aged--such as feelings of depression and helphlessness, as well as accelerated physical decline--are at least in part attributable to loss of control. A field experiment in which institutionalized aged were randomly assigned to one of four conditions was carried out to assess the effects of increased control and predictability upon the physical and psychological well-being of the aged. Individuals in three of the four conditions were visited by college undergraduates under varying contingencies, while persons in the fourth condition were not visited and served as a baseline comparison group. Subjects in the control condition could determine both the frequency and duration of visits they recieved. A second group of subjects (predict) was informed when they would be visited and how long the visitor would stay, but had no control over these details. A third group (random) was visited on a random schedule. It was found that predictable and controllable positive events have a powerful positive impact upon the well-being of the institutionalized aged.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Thirteen out of 15 (87%) interventions categorised as having a theoretical basis reported beneficial effects on at least one outcome domain [13,53-55,59,65,67-69,73-75,81] compared with 10/17 (59%) studies categorised as having no theoretical basis [52,56,60,63,66,70,71,76,78,79].”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“This compares with five out of 11 (45%) one-to-one interventions [59,71,78,79,81].”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“No significant differences were observed between the two intervention groups, or between the two control groups.”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“The intervention groups also reported improved hope and happiness, and reported a smaller increase in the quantity of medication taken per day in comparison with control participants.”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“Two of the three studies at high risk of bias [59,78,80] reported significant improvements in the extracted outcomes.”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“At two months, in comparison with the control groups (receiving random visits and no visits), intervention participants (controlling frequency/duration of visits, and advance notice of visits) reported more activity, a greater amount of time spent in active pursuits and planned more activities for the coming week.”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“All interventions delivered by counsellors [53,54,73] and by students [59,66,71,78] reported at least one beneficial effect”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“Three out of five (60%) home visiting interventions led to beneficial effects [59,71,78]”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
Citations
Cites
Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.
White, R. W. (1963) · Scott, Foresman eBooks · doi:10.1037/14156-005 · Cited by 4,835
Personal control over aversive stimuli and its relationship to stress.
Averill, J. R. (1973) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0034845 · Cited by 1,570
Hospitalism; an inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood.
Spitz, R. A. (1945) · PubMed · Cited by 1,563
Unpredictable and Uncontrollable Aversive Events
Seligman, M. E. P., Maier, S. F., & Solomon, R. L. (1971) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-137950-6.50011-0 · Cited by 457
Depression and learned helplessness.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1974) · Cited by 431
Smiling, cooing, and "the game."
Watson, J. S. (1972) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · Cited by 408
Animals Respond for Food in the Presence of Free Food
Neuringer, A. J. (1969) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.166.3903.399 · Cited by 296
Roth, S., & Kubal, L. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.4.680 · Cited by 249
The heterosexual affectional system in monkeys.
Harlow, H. F. (1962) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0043587 · Cited by 208
Rats' Preference for Earned in Comparison with Free Food
Carder, B., & Berkowitz, K. (1970) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.167.3922.1273 · Cited by 179
Adult Status of Children with Contrasting Early Life Experiences
Skeels, H. M. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315130439-11 · Cited by 143
Preference for information about an uncertain but unavoidable outcome.
Lanzetta, J. T., & Driscoll, J. M. (1966) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0022674 · Cited by 107
Evaluating the effects of the prediction-control confound.
Geer, J. H., & Maisel, E. B. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033122 · Cited by 104
Clinical Research and the Stages of Dying
Schulz, R., & Aderman, D. (1974) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/hyrb-7vqk-vu9y-7l5d · Cited by 80
Self-citationExtension of personal time, affective states, and expectation of personal death.
Wohlford, P. F. (1966) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0023208 · Cited by 56
Future Commitments and Successful Aging. I. The Random Sample
Schonfield, D. (1973) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/28.2.189 · Cited by 34
Effect of Residential Change on the Temporal Distance to Death of Terminal Cancer Patients
Schulz, R., & Aderman, D. (1973) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/4bt2-ll7j-uutw-j9ph · Cited by 25
Self-citationBehavioral Consequences of Exposure to Uncontrollable and Unpredictable Noise1
Reim, B., Glass, D. C., & Singer, J. E. (1971) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1971.tb00352.x · Cited by 21
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis.
Folkman, S. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.839 · Cited by 2,807
When choice is demotivating: can one desire too much of a good thing?
Iyengar, S. S., & Lepper, M. R. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.995 · Cited by 2,878
Human Aging: Usual and Successful
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3299702 · Cited by 3,384
The support of autonomy and the control of behavior.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.53.6.1024 · Cited by 3,242
A life-span theory of control.
Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.284 · Cited by 1,844
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Schulz, R.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schulz, Richard
- ORCID
- Schulz, Richard
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1976
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 563-573
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2083832951
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 21.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
- Keywords
- older adults, loss of control, predictability, well-being, depression, helplessness, physical decline, psychological well-being, physical well-being
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Aged, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Residential Facilities, Retirement, Self Concept, Social Adjustment, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
