Cited by 202Team Dynamics and PerformanceSocial and Intergroup PsychologySocial Power and Status Dynamics

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Social loafing and group evaluation

Harkins, Stephen G., Szymanski, Kate·1989·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

Recent work (e.g., Harkins, 1987; Szymanski & Harkins, 1987) has suggested that social loafing occurs because participants' outputs cannot be evaluated by the experimenter, by the coactors, or by the participants themselves. This analysis has focused on the output of the individual, but in loafing research, participants work together to produce a product. However, in this prior work participants have been unable to make anything of this product, because no standard of comparison has been made available. Several recent formulations (e.g., Goethals & Darley, 1987) have suggested that the potential for evaluation could motivate performance. Testing this hypothesis in 2 experiments, 1 using an optimizing task and the other a maximizing task, we found that providing a standard that allowed the group to evaluate its performance eliminated the loafing effect. The implications of these findings for current theories of evaluation are discussed.

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Dedication
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Copyright Page
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Authors: Harkins, S. G., & Szymanski, K.
Affiliations: Northeastern University (US)
ORCID: Szymanski, Kate
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1989-06
Volume: 56
Issue: 6
Pages: 934-941
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.56.6.934
OpenAlex: W1979172573
Cited by: 198
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 2.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Keywords: social loafing, group assessment, performance evaluation (human resources), evaluation standards, group performance, motivation

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