Cited by 584Personality Traits and PsychologySocial and Intergroup PsychologyDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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Agreeable fancy or disagreeable truth? Reconciling self-enhancement and self-verification.

Swann, William B., Pelham, Brett W., Krull, Douglas S.·1989·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

Three studies asked why people sometimes seek positive feedback (self-enhance) and sometimes seek subjectively accurate feedback (self-verify). Consistent with self-enhancement theory, people with low self-esteem as well as those with high self-esteem indicated that they preferred feedback pertaining to their positive rather than negative self-views. Consistent with self-verification theory, the very people who sought favorable feedback pertaining to their positive self-conceptions sought unfavorable feedback pertaining to their negative self-views, regardless of their level of global self-esteem. Apparently, although all people prefer to seek feedback regarding their positive self-views, when they seek feedback regarding their negative self-views, they seek unfavorable feedback. Whether people self-enhance or self-verify thus seems to be determined by the positivity of the relevant self-conceptions rather than their level of self-esteem or the type of person they are.

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Authors: Swann, W. B., Pelham, B. W., & Krull, D. S.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
ORCID: Swann, William B.
Pelham, Brett W.
Krull, Douglas S.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1989
Volume: 57
Issue: 5
Pages: 782-791
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.782
OpenAlex: W2084473518
Cited by: 584
References: 90
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 10.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH-37598, MH-00498)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: self-enhancement, self-verification, feedback seeking, self-esteem, self-conception, negative self-concept, self-concept
MeSH terms: Feedback, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Psychological Theory, Self Concept

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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Agreeable fancy or disagreeable truth? Reconciling self-enhancement and self-verification.

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