Selective self-stereotyping.
Abstract
In an examination of group members' responses to the threat of negative in-group characterizations, sorority/fraternity members were asked to rate themselves, their own sorority/fraternity, sororities/ fraternities in general, and students in general on attributes that were stereotypic of sororities/ fraternities. Results showed that individuals selectively self-stereotyped-they embraced positive stereotypes as highly descriptive of themselves and their closest in-groups but rejected negative stereotypes. They did not, however, deny that negative stereotypes were accurate or valid-they continued to accept them as typical of sororities/fraternities in general. This represents a protective, creative response to the threat posed by exposure to negative group attributes, in which self-stereotyping as a result of self-categorization is selective rather than complete.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Other input characteristics of fraternity and sorority members can be classified as related to privilege, including greater affluence, more conservative political and social attitudes, and higher grades on entry than nonaffiliated peers.
“Other input characteristics of fraternity and sorority members can be classified as related to privilege (Biernat, Vescio, & Green, 1996;Yeung & Stombler, 2000).These can include salient input characteristics, such as greater affluence, more conservative political and social attitudes, and higher grades (on entry) than their nonaffiliated peers.”
From The Influence of Fraternity and Sorority Involvement: A Critical Analysis of Research (1996–2013) (2014) · cites this paper as Biernat, Vescio, & Green, 1996
This selection bias, documented consistently during the past 30 years, illustrates a difference in worldview that shapes how students experience and perceive these activities.
“This selection bias, documented consistently during the past 30 years, illustrates a difference in worldview that shapes how students experience and perceive these activities (Biernat et al., 1996).”
From The Influence of Fraternity and Sorority Involvement: A Critical Analysis of Research (1996–2013) (2014) · cites this paper as Biernat et al., 1996
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Galinsky, A. D., Ku, G., & Wang, C. S. (2005) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430205051060 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Hentschel, T., Heilman, M. E., & Peus, C. V. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00011 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Becker, J. C., & Wright, S. C. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022615 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Social comparison, self-stereotyping, and gender differences in self-construals.
Guimond, S., Chatard, A., Martinot, D., Crisp, R. J., & Redersdorff, S. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.221 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Identity bifurcation in response to stereotype threat: women and mathematics
Pronin, E., Steele, C. M., & Ross, L. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00088-x · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Negative symbolic consumption and consumers’ drive for self‐esteem
Banister, E. N., & Hogg, M. K. (2004) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090560410539285 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
"I Am Us": Negative Stereotypes as Collective Threats.
Cohen, G. L., & Garcia, J. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.566 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Weiss, D. J., & Lang, F. R. (2011) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0024887 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
The conflicting choices of alternating selves
LeBoeuf, R. A., Shafir, E. B., & Bayuk, J. B. (2009) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.08.004 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Positive Stereotypes Are Pervasive and Powerful
Czopp, A. M., Kay, A. C., & Cheryan, S. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615588091 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Phillips, K. W., Liljenquist, K. A., & Neale, M. A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208328062 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Kray, L. J., Howland, L., Russell, A. G., & Jackman, L. M. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000124 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Schimel, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.26 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Pickett, C. L., Bonner, B. L., & Coleman, J. M. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.543 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Social identity change: Shifts in social identity during adolescence
Tanti, C. J., Stukas, A. A., Halloran, M. J., & Foddy, M. (2010) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.012 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Mapping symbolic (anti-) consumption
Hogg, M. K., Banister, E. N., & Stephenson, C. A. (2008) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.022 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., Mead, N. L., & Vohs, K. D. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020932 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
van Dijk, H., Meyer, B. M., Engen, M. L. V., & Loyd, D. L. (2017) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2014.0046 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Devos, T., & Banaji, M. R. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1279.009 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Images of Ageing in Society: A Literature Review
Bai, X. (2014) · Journal of Population Ageing · doi:10.1007/s12062-014-9103-x · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Bosson, J. K., & Michniewicz, K. S. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033126 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Beyond nature and nurture: The influence of lay gender theories on self-stereotyping
Coleman, J. M., & Hong, Y. (2007) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860600980185 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
An Integrative Model of Social Identification
van Veelen, R., Otten, S., Cadinu, M., & Hansen, N. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868315576642 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The "I," the "we," and the "when": A meta-analysis of motivational primacy in self-definition.
Gaertner, L., Sedikides, C., Vevea, J. L., & Iuzzini, J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.3.574 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Living the dream or awakening from the nightmare: race and athletic identity
Harrison, L., Sailes, G. A., Rotich, W. K., & Bimper, A. Y. (2011) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2011.531982 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
A Three-Tier Hierarchy of Self-Potency
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., Luke, M. A., O’Mara, E. M., & Gebauer, J. E. (2013) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407188-9.00005-3 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
When compliments fail to flatter: American individualism and responses to positive stereotypes.
Siy, J. O., & Cheryan, S. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030183 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
van Laar, C., Meeussen, L., Veldman, J., Grootel, S. V., Sterk, N., & Jacobs, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01879 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Rethinking the Target Corollary
Meirick, P. C. (2005) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650205281059 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Revealing only the superficial me: Exploring categorical self-disclosure online
Attrill, A., & Jalil, R. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.001 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Rabinovich, A., Morton, T. A., Postmes, T., & Verplanken, B. (2012) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02022.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
African American Racial Identity and Sport
Harrison, L., Harrison, C. K., & Moore, L. N. (2002) · Sport Education and Society · doi:10.1080/1357332022000018823 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The Cognitive Representation of Self-Stereotyping
Latrofa, M., Vaes, J., Cadinu, M., & Carnaghi, A. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210373907 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Theorizing on the Stereotyping of Black Male Student-Athletes: Issues and Implications
Hodge, S. R., Burden, J. W., Robinson, L. E., & Bennett, R. A. (2008) · Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education · doi:10.1179/ssa.2008.2.2.203 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
All that you can be: Stereotyping of self and others in a military context.
Biernat, M., Crandall, C. S., Young, L. V., Kobrynowicz, D., & Halpin, S. M. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.2.301 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationOswald, D. L. (2008) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00424.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Harrison, L. (2001) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.2001.10491732 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Latrofa, M., Vaes, J., Pastore, M., & Cadinu, M. (2009) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00383.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
James, D. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00726-6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-Stereotyping as a Route to System Justification
Laurin, K., Kay, A. C., & Shepherd, S. (2011) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2011.29.3.360 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Attitudes Toward Women and Tolerance for Sexual Harassment Among Reservists
Vogt, D. S., Bruce, T. A., Street, A. E., & Stafford, J. (2007) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801207305217 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Brown in Black and White—Then and Now
Hodge, S. R., Harrison, L., Burden, J. W., & Dixson, A. D. (2008) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764207311998 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
When feeling different pays off: How older adults can counteract negative age-related information.
Weiss, D. J., Sassenberg, K., & Freund, A. M. (2013) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0033811 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Hong, Y., Chan, G., Chiu, C., Wong, R. Y. M., Hansen, I. G., Lee, S.-L., Tong, Y., & Fu, J. H. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1147 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Perceptions of athletic superiority: a view from the other side
Harrison, J. L., Azzarito, L., & Burden, J. W. (2004) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/1361332042000234277 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Implications of Cultural Context
Oyserman, D., & Harrison, K. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012679130-3/50048-x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cadinu, M., & Galdi, S. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1881 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Cognitive adaptation and mental health: A motivational analysis
Ratelle, C. F., Vallerand, R. J., Chantal, Y., & Provencher, P. J. (2004) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.208 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Berger, A., & Krahé, B. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1970 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Andrijiw, A. M., & Hyatt, C. G. (2009) · Journal of Sport Management · doi:10.1123/jsm.23.2.156 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries: A Test of Competing Models
Kosakowska‐Berezecka, N., Bosson, J. K., Jurek, P., Besta, T., Olech, M., Vandello, J. A., Bender, M., Dandy, J., Hoorens, V., Jasinskaja‐Lahti, I., et al. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506221129687 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-Stereotyping: The Central Role of an Ingroup Threatening Identity
Latrofa, M., Vaes, J., & Cadinu, M. (2011) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2011.565382 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Distancing oneself from negative attributes and the personal/group discrimination discrepancy
Hodson, G., & Esses, V. M. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00012-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Neither Ghettoed Nor Cosmopolitan
Hutchings, K., Michailova, S., & Harrison, E. C. (2012) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-012-0144-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Creating sustainable identities: the significance of the financially affluent self
Hurth, V. M. F. (2010) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.453 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Content and Function of Gender Self-stereotypes: An Exploratory Investigation
Oswald, D. L., & Lindstedt, K. (2006) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9026-y · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Kahalon, R., Shnabel, N., & Becker, J. C. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12240 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Disapproved, but Tolerated: The Role of Respect in Outgroup Tolerance
Simon, B. C., Eschert, S., Schaefer, C. D., Reininger, K. M., Zitzmann, S., & Smith, H. J. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218787810 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Race-based biases in judgments of social pain
Deska, J. C., Kunstman, J. W., Lloyd, E. P., Almaraz, S. M., Bernstein, M. J., Gonzales, J. P., & Hugenberg, K. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103964 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Jetten, J., Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., & McKimmie, B. M. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.07.008 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cadinu, M., Latrofa, M., & Carnaghi, A. (2013) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2012.712753 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Women Like Me Are Bad at Math”: The Psychological Functions of Negative Self‐Stereotyping
Bell, A. C., & Burkley, M. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12145 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Martínez-Marín, M. D., Martínez, C., & Paterna, C. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00904-z · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Influence of Fraternity and Sorority Involvement: A Critical Analysis of Research (1996–2013)
(2014) · ASHE Higher Education Report · doi:10.1002/aehe.20012 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The impact of ada on the selection process: Applicant and organizational issues
Stone, D. L., & Williams, K. J. (1997) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/s1053-4822(97)90023-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Krueger, J. I., Acevedo, M., & Robbins, J. M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614576.015 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Social Identity in Daily Social Interaction
Nezlek, J. B., & Smith, C. V. (2005) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/13576500444000308 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Devos, T., & Torres, J. A. C. (2007) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973530701503432 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Pittinsky, T. L., Shih, M. J., & Ambady, N. (2000) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1023/a:1009656413789 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Two Faces of Age Identity 1Action editor of this article was Dieter Ferring.
Weiss, D. J., & Lang, F. R. (2012) · GeroPsych · doi:10.1024/1662-9647/a000050 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Boysen, G. A., Fisher, M., DeJesus, M., Vogel, D. L., & Madon, S. (2011) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.4.329 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Howard, M. C., & Magee, S. M. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.009 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-Typicality and Group Identification: Evidence for their Separateness
Kashima, E. S., Kashima, Y., & Hardie, E. A. (2000) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430200031006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Stereotypes of bisexual people: What do bisexual people themselves think?
Burke, S. E., & LaFrance, M. (2016) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000168 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ramsey, L. R., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2010) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-010-9150-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Shifting Standards and Contextual Variation in Stereotyping
Biernat, M., & Thompson, E. R. (2002) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792772143000030 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationCadinu, M., Galdi, S., & Maass, A. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1957 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Li, J., Liu, Y., & Song, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769459 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Burford, B. C., & Rosenthal, H. E. S. (2017) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-017-1049-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The effect of gender and firm identification on auditor pre-negotiation judgments
Jones, J. C., MacTavish, C., & Schultz, W. (2018) · Advances in Accounting · doi:10.1016/j.adiac.2018.12.003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Autostereotyping and National Identity in The Spanish Context
Matera, C., Giannini, M., Blanco, A., & Smith, P. B. (2005) · Florence Research (University of Florence) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Debrosse, R., Rossignac‐Milon, M., Taylor, D. M., & Destin, M. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218777997 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kim, H., Lee, K., & Hong, Y. (2011) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2011.561560 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Implicit Theories of the World and Implicit Theories of the Self as Moderators of Self-Stereotyping
Yang, Y.-J., & Hong, Y. (2010) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2010.28.2.251 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sunny Side Up: The Reliance on Positive Age Stereotypes in Descriptions of Future Older Selves
Remedios, J. D., Chasteen, A. L., & Packer, D. J. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860903054175 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
When Am I My Group? Self-Enhancement Versus Self-Justification Accounts of Perceived Prototypicality
Burkley, M., & Blanton, H. (2005) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-005-8570-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Group dynamics and psychological well-being: The impact of groups on adjustment and dysfunction.
Forsyth, D. R., & Elliott, T. R. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10320-012 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Selective self-stereotyping and women’s self-esteem maintenance
Oswald, D. L., & Chapleau, K. M. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.030 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Examining a Gender Stereotype: Menopausal Women1
Marcus‐Newhall, A., Thompson, S. C. G., & Thomas, C. (2001) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb01409.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-focus and stereotyping of the self
Eidelman, S., & Silvia, P. J. (2010) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430209353631 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Martínez-Marín, M. D., & Martínez, C. (2018) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-018-9569-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vescio, T. K., & Weaver, K. S. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0097 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationStewart, D. D., Stewart, C. B., & Walden, J. C. (2007) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207078693 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Meirick, P. C., Nisbett, G. S., Jefferson, M. D., & Pfau, M. W. (2011) · Journal of Political Marketing · doi:10.1080/15377857.2011.588111 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Attitudes, Stereotypes and Anti-Discriminatory Education: Developing Themes from Sullivan
PUGH, R. (1998) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a011409 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dobai, A., & Hopkins, N. (2020) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12416 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Who we were and who we will be: The temporal context of women's in‐group stereotype content
Morton, T. A., Rabinovich, A., & Postmes, T. (2011) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02013.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Desperate or desirable? Perceptions of individuals seeking dates online and offline
Johanis, T. C., Midgley, C., & Lockwood, P. (2023) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12523 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Silent or Talking in the Classroom: Implicit Self-Stereotyping Among Asian and White Students
Devos, T., & Yokoyama, Y. (2014) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2014.934960 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-Definitional Functions of Culture
Wan, C., Dach‐Gruschow, K., No, S., & Hong, Y. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511779374.011 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Biernat, M., Vescio, T. K., & Green, M. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Kansas (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1996
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1194-1209
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4239926038
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29mh048844-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R29MH48844)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- self-stereotyping, self-concept, stereotypes, self-perception
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Female, Humans, Male, Peer Group, Self-Assessment, Self Concept, Social Conformity, Social Identification, Stereotyping, Cognitive Science
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review