The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
In a very different voice: Unmasking moral hypocrisy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Both ultimately produce more positive orientations toward the other person and a greater interest in the other’s welfare.86”
From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [86]
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 315
Emotional, motivational and attitudinal consequences of autonomous prosocial behaviour
Kelley, N. J., Weinstein, N., Smith, E. E., Davis, W. E., Christy, A. G., Sedikides, C., & Schlegel, R. J. (2022) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2916 · Cited by 6
Google is Free: Moral Evaluations of Intergroup Curiosity
Mosley, A. J., & Solomon, L. H. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231180149 · Cited by 4
“A failure to do so may lead others to perceive them as immoral, an outcome that many people seek to avoid (Batson et al., 1997; Prentice et al., 2019; Shaw et al., 2014).”
Rational Hypocrisy: A Bayesian Analysis Based on Informal Argumentation and Slippery Slopes
Rai, T. S., & Holyoak, K. J. (2014) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12120 · Cited by 6
The Grateful Don’t Cheat: Gratitude as a Fount of VirtuePreprint
DeSteno, D. A., Duong, F., Lim, D., et al. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jhs2c · Cited by 5
Robertson, C. E., Akles, M., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2024) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976241246552 · Cited by 5
“We also examined whether people engaged in individual moral hypocrisy, rating themselves as more moral than others for the same transgression (Batson et al., 1997, 2002).”
Yu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s484993 · Cited by 5
“36,51 At the outset of the study, participants were instructed to assign tasks to themselves and another “participant” in a separate room, either as a distributor or a receiver.”
Rule‐breaking in an anonymous situation: When people decide to deviate from existing rules
Nogami, T., & Yoshida, F. (2012) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.736024 · Cited by 4
Batson, C. D. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316225608.003 · Cited by 4
Self-citationTo Condemn Is Not to Punish: An Experiment on Hypocrisy
von Grundherr, M., Jauernig, J., & Uhl, M. (2021) · Games · doi:10.3390/g12020038 · Cited by 4
Berryman, K., Chadha, M., & Nichols, S. (2023) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.1111/phpr.12950 · Cited by 4
The Government Receives Moral License to Commit Transgressions When Compared to Other Entities
Hughes, J. S., Harpster, R., & Gonzales, N. C. (2019) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2019.1695616 · Cited by 4
The Better is the Enemy of the GoodPreprint
Exley, C. L., & Kessler, J. B. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3029231 · Cited by 4
When honesty checks-out: Willful ignorance and the persistence of unethical environments
Houdek, P., & Bahník, Š. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102185 · Cited by 3
The Role of the Board of Directors in Ensuring a Culture of Integrity
Elms, N., & Nicholson, G. J. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137280350_27 · Cited by 3
Power and perceived influence: I caused your behavior, but I'm not responsible for it
Bohns, V. K., & Newark, D. A. (2018) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12427 · Cited by 3
Moral Development Across Lifespan: An Inquiry into Early Beginnings and Later Variations
Anasuri, S. (2021) · Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science · doi:10.15640/jpbs.v9n2a8 · Cited by 3
“…the nature of moral behavior to be hypocrisy; that is, people desire to appear moral to themselves and others without practicing moral behavior” (Batson, Kobrynowicz, Dinnerstein, Kampf & Wilson, 1997) As children grow and develop, they display a greater reliance on their awareness of their…”
Wang, M., Chen, S., & Hung, S. (2024) · Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance · doi:10.21315/aamjaf2024.20.1.4 · Cited by 5
“Thus, the purpose of the salary system of manager reduce agency problems and the probability of ethical crises in managers (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundDiffusion of the Ethical Philosophy of Good Governance at the National Oil Company of South Africa
Albertus, R. W. (2019) · Indian Journal of Corporate Governance · doi:10.1177/0974686219836543 · Cited by 3
Propensity to Morally Disengage: The Malevolent Leader Dyad of Andrew Carnegie and Henry Frick
Randolph-Seng, B., Humphreys, J. H., Novičević, M. M., Ingram, K., & Roberts, F. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1529-209620200000024018 · Cited by 3
Overcoming Moral Hypocrisy in a Virtual Society
Christen, M. (2014) · Pan Stanford Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1201/b16877-5 · Cited by 3
Corruption in the Context of Moral Trade-offs
Dungan, J. A., Waytz, A. G., & Young, L. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316450765.004 · Cited by 4
'I Cheated, But Only a Little' – Partial Confessions to Unethical BehaviorPreprint
Péer, E., Acquisti, A., & Shalvi, S. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2268571 · Cited by 3
On the Validity of Cost-Saving Payment Methods in Dictator-Game Experiments: A Systematic TestPreprint
Walkowitz, G. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3068380 · Cited by 3
Fidalgo, M., & Dias, F. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18115412 · Cited by 3
The general factor of personality and moral hypocrisy: A moderated mediation model
Yu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23078 · Cited by 2
Demeaning extrinsic motivation leads to increased perceptions of hypocrisy
Yan, L., Chai, V. E., & Yam, K. C. (2024) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104307 · Cited by 2
“Ding ding ding we have a hypocrite!”
Tanskanen, S.-K. (2024) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.343.04tan · Cited by 2
The centrality of reasoning in moral judgments: First- and third-party evaluations of cheating
Waltzer, T., Samuelson, A., & Dahl, A. (2024) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/jdm.2024.7 · Cited by 2
Kang, D., Zhang, Y., Xu, X., & Li, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1513033 · Cited by 2
College Major and Modern Racism: A Matter of Moral Hypocrisy?
Oxendine, D. B. (2017) · Issues in Social Science · doi:10.5296/iss.v5i2.11439 · Cited by 2
“…self- interests in a negative way, this conflict may create a moral dilemma, and they may act in a less than moral manner (Batson et al., 2006; Batson et al., 1997; Batson & Thompson, 2001; Batson et al., 2002; Batson et al., 1999; Hoogervorst et al., 2011; Jackman, 1996; Naso, 2006, 2007;…”
BackgroundInfluentialUnderstanding the diversity and fluidity of human morality through evolutionary psychology.
Zhu, N., Lu, H. J., & Chang, L. (2020) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/ebs0000220 · Cited by 2
Bhattacharya, P., Nielsen, K., & Sengupta, A. (2020) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/ueaa042 · Cited by 2
Sexuelle Grenzüberschreitungen in der Psychoanalyse
Gabbard, G. O. (2022) · Forum der Psychoanalyse · doi:10.1007/s00451-022-00474-9 · Cited by 2
“Sorgfältige Untersuchungen in diesem Bereich unterstreichen die weite Verbreitung moralischer Heuchelei, d.h., sie deuten darauf hin, dass moralisches Denken tendenziell kontextabhängig ist, und dass Menschen, die im Allgemeinen moralisch oder ethisch sind, sich ziemlich leicht damit tun, unmoralisches Verhalten zu re…”
BackgroundThis feels like the right choice: how decision aids may facilitate affect-based valuation
Jaffé, M. E., Douneva, M., Reutner, L., & Greifeneder, R. (2022) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2022.2084041 · Cited by 2
“Further research has investigated the impact of coin flips on choice behaviour in moral decisions (Batson et al., 1997), donation behaviour (Zhang & Zhong, n.d.), and importantly on choice and well-being in personal decisions (Levitt, 2020).”
BackgroundDong, M., Kupfer, T. R., Yuan, S., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/s4c6y · Cited by 2
Neural and cognitive signatures of guilt predict hypocritical blamePreprint
Yu, H., Contreras-Huerta, L. S., Prosser, A. M. B., Apps, M. A. J., Hofmann, W., Sinnott-Armstrong, W. P., & Crockett, M. J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2twue · Cited by 2
Practice What You Preach? Exploring Parental Attitudes Toward, Modeling of, and Teaching About LyingPreprint
Lucieer, I. C., Roza, E. C. A., Lucassen, N., et al. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ycswp · Cited by 2
The Social Context of Malevolent Creativity
Tadık, H., Bahar, A. K., & Runco, M. A. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15050630 · Cited by 1
“People may practice moral behaviors to enhance their self-image or gain social/self-rewards, even if their moral values do not restrict their personal beliefs, behaviors, and thoughts (Batson, 2011; Batson et al., 1997; Watson & Sheikh, 2008).”
Hypocritical blame is associated with reduced prosocial motivation
Contreras-Huerta, L. S., Yu, H.-B., Prosser, A., Lockwood, P., Crockett, M. J., & Apps, M. A. J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-17698-4 · Cited by 1
“When faced with the opportunity to avoid personal cost, they would do so— while still maintaining the appearance of moral integrity 2,38 .”
Assessing the impact of smoking warning labels on corporate image: evidence from Japan
Zhao, X., Wu, C., Ma, J., et al. (2026) · Asian Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s13520-026-00261-3 · Cited by 1
Egoism in anger: Does justice sensitivity stir anger as feeling moral?
Uehara, S., Nakagawa, T., & Tamura, T. (2015) · THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.2130/jjesp.1315 · Cited by 1
Yang, D., & He, X. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s452940 · Cited by 1
“Hypocrisy, extensively studied by Batson, Kobrynowicz, Dinnerstein, Kampf, Wilson 11 , Batson, Thompson, Seuferling, Whitney, Strongman 12 , Batson, Thompson, Chen, 13 refers to individuals who profess to uphold moral principles but act in ways that prioritize their self-interest.”
Cox, M., Dickson, G., & Cox, B. (2017) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.007 · Cited by 11
Hugh-Jones, D. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2513300
Mirror Neurons and Their Reflections
Cabıoğlu, M. T., & İşeri, S. Ö. (2015) · OALib · doi:10.4236/oalib.1102001
“Empathy is also defined as the way to temporarily think and feel like others [34] and it aims to understand others emotionally at an intellectual level [35].”
BackgroundHubbeling, D. A. A. (2012) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e3182611f7a
Negative Moods, Group Effects, and Helping
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0006
Dispositions, Character Traits, and Virtues
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Elevation, Activated Moral Norms, and Helping
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0004
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0008
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0009
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0005
Embarrassment, Positive Moods, and Helping
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0003
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0007
Does Power Increase Moral hypocrisy?: Moderating Role of Moral Identity
정은경 (2018) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2018.32.1.003
Intermediated Social Preferences: Altruism in an Algorithmic Era
Chen, D. L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98848-1_8
Yeo, D. M. K. (2019) · doi:10.32657/10356/93537
“Batson et al. (1999) further suggested that proof of self-deception as the mechanism explaining moral hypocrisy was demonstrated when they used the mirror effect to increase self-awareness. In their experiment, Batson et al. (1999) surmised that selfdeception was reduced when the participants became more self-aware be…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential'I'm Just Being Honest.' Ethical Justifications Enable Interpersonal HarmPreprint
Levine, E., & Gomez, D. M. M. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3237621
Zane, D. M., Irwin, J. R., & Reczek, R. W. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2678534
Moral failure and the evolution of appearing moral
James, S. M. (2021) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2021.1983161
“Consider the procedural fairness dilemma experiment (Batson, 2016; Batson et al., 1997, 1999; Dana et al., 2007; Snyder et al., 1979).”
BackgroundToss and turn or toss and stop? A coin flip reduces the need for information in decision-makingPreprint
Douneva, M., Jaffé, M. E., & Greifeneder, R. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y6stn · Cited by 1
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0011
Bonnefon, J. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-60049-3_6
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0010
To praise or to blame? Neural signals predict divergent responses to moral hypocrisyPreprint
Liu, J., Yang, J., & Cui, F. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.501489
The impact of moral character evaluations on cheating, emotions, and self-evaluation
Lee, W. S., & Yuan-Hsien, C. (2022) · International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) · doi:10.20525/ijrbs.v11i7.2039
Naso, R. C. (2019) · Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.15406/jpcpy.2019.10.00637
(2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.005.0001
(2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.002.0004
(2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.002.0003
(2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.002.0008
(2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.002.0006
A Psychoanalytic Principled Approach
Lemma, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.003.0003
Lemma, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.003.0006
Lemma, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.003.0005
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.002.0008
The Unbearable Silence of Responsibility
Lemma, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.003.0001
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.002.0013
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.002.0009
Lemma, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.003.0002 · Cited by 1
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.002.0010
The Ethics of Analytic Listening
Lemma, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.003.0004
Ten seminars curriculum outline
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.002.0014
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.002.0011
Epilogue: A Plea for a Measure of Irony
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.002.0012
Lemma, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.003.0008
Lemma, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.003.0007
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.002.0004
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.002.0003
Introduction: Living the Questions
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780192858962.002.0007
Poor People and the Politics of Capitalism
Freeman, R. E., Keevil, A. A. C., & Purnell, L. (2023) · Issues in business ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04564-6_51
Irony, Affect, and Related Figures
Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr., & Colston, H. L. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108974004.018
Hypocrisy and Situational Irony
Shelley, C. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108974004.024
Myślińska‐Szarek, K., Baryła, W., & Wojciszke, B. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4875961
Unmasking Moral Hypocrisy: How Preschoolers Perceive and Judge Moral Hypocrites
Myślińska‐Szarek, K., & Baryła, W. (2024) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13580 · Cited by 1
Niemi, L., & Nichols, S. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894357.010
Malle, B., & Robbins, P. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894357.009
Meaning Well, Feebly: Ethical Hypocrisy Limits Social Justice and Psychological Science
O’Donohue, W., Gupta, S., Jurado, E. F., & Zavala, B. (2025) · Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1891/ehpp-2024-0015
Cancel like you mean it! dual processes, dual attitudes, and moral hypocrisy in cancel culture
Tutić, A., & Grehl, S. (2025) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2025.102023
Metadata
- Authors
- Batson, C. D., Kobrynowicz, D., Dinnerstein, J. L., Kampf, H. C., & Wilson, A. D.
- ORCID
- Batson, C. Daniel
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1997
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1335-1348
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4297917739
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Ethics in Business and Education
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- moral hypocrisy, moral dissonance, self-presentation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review