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In a very different voice: Unmasking moral hypocrisy.
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“Both ultimately produce more positive orientations toward the other person and a greater interest in the other’s welfare.86”
From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [86]
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Altruism and Prosocial Behavior
Batson, C. D., & Powell, A. A. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0519 · Cited by 1,369
Self-citationLIES IN DISGUISE-AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CHEATING
Fischbacher, U., & Föllmi-Heusi, F. (2013) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1111/jeea.12014 · Cited by 1,282
“Methodologically, our design is related to the procedure of Batson et al. (1997) where subjects were asked to assign a good and a bad task to themselves and another subject by reporting the result of a coin flip and to the random response method used in social psychology (Warner 1965).”
BackgroundMethodAbeler, J., Nosenzo, D., & Raymond, C. (2016) · Econometrica · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2840132 · Cited by 865
Justified ethicality: Observing desired counterfactuals modifies ethical perceptions and behavior
Shalvi, S., Dana, J., Handgraaf, M. J. J., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2011) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.02.001 · Cited by 515
Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology
Burgess, D., van Ryn, M., Dovidio, J., & Saha, S. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0160-1 · Cited by 495
“Both ultimately produce more positive orientations toward the other person and a greater interest in the other’s welfare.(86) Many studies have documented the positive effect of provider empathy on patients, which include increased patient satisfaction, adherence, self-efficacy, perceptions of control, less emotional…”
BackgroundI should but I won’t: Why young children endorse norms of fair sharing but do not follow them
Smith, C. E., Blake, P. R., & Harris, P. L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059510 · Cited by 482
“This line of explanation parallels research on moral hypocrisy in adults, showing that many adults want to be moral but succumb to temptation when the costs are high [37,38].”
ResultObjective Self-Awareness Theory: Recent Progress and Enduring Problems
Silvia, P. J., & Duval, T. S. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0503_4 · Cited by 504
Honesty Requires Time (and Lack of Justifications)
Shalvi, S., Eldar, O., & Bereby‐Meyer, Y. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612443835 · Cited by 448
“We believe that when studying situational factors such as time pressure and its interplay with private justifications (or the lack of private justifications) for lying, aggregate data provide a useful tool (e.g., Batson et al., 1997; Greene & Paxton, 2009).”
MethodMinson, J. A., & Monin, B. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611415695 · Cited by 385
Lammers, J., Stapel, D. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610368810 · Cited by 411
Haidt, J., & Kesebir, S. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002022 · Cited by 340
What we say and what we do: The relationship between real and hypothetical moral choices
FeldmanHall, O., Mobbs, D., Evans, D., Hiscox, L. V., Navrady, L. B., & Dalgleish, T. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.02.001 · Cited by 337
“…others would be more influential in real moral situations compared to hypothetical ones, an experimental test (Study 1b) would reveal the opposite (Batson, Kobrynowicz, Dinnerstein, Kampf, & Wilson, 1997; Tetlock, 2003).1 To test our hypotheses, we used both real and hypothetical versions of a…”
ResultBatson, C. D., Lishner, D. A., Carpenter, A., Dulin, L., Harjusola-Webb, S. M., Stocks, E. L., Gale, S., Hassan, O. M., & Sampat, B. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203254600 · Cited by 339
Self-citationBehavioral Ethics: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Moral Judgment and Dishonesty
Bazerman, M. H., & Gino, F. (2012) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173815 · Cited by 331
Houser, D. E., Vetter, S., & Winter, J. (2012) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.08.001 · Cited by 300
Tsang, J.-A. C. (2002) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.1.25 · Cited by 322
“Specifically, in the case of a person motivated toward morality as a means to another end, if there arises another, less costly opportunity to reach the goal of appearing moral, that alternative will be taken in place of upholding moral principles (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundEthically adrift: How others pull our moral compass from true North, and how we can fix it
Moore, C., & Gino, F. (2013) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2013.08.001 · Cited by 284
“colleagues demonstrated that people were more likely to treat themselves preferentially (and others unfairly) as long as the context offered an easy justification or way to obscure the fact that they were doing so (Batson et al., 1997; Batson et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMiller, C. (2013) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.001.0001 · Cited by 308
DeScioli, P., & Kurzban, R. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.05.008 · Cited by 277
“Moral hypocrisy has been demonstrated in the laboratory (Batson & Thompson, 2001; Batson, Thompson, Seuferling , Whitney, & Strongman, 1999; Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundThe development of egalitarianism, altruism, spite and parochialism in childhood and adolescence
Fehr, E., Glätzle‐Rützler, D., & Sutter, M. (2013) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2013.09.006 · Cited by 297
“While this has been shown to be the case for adults (Batson et al., 1997, 2002), only recent work by Shaw et al. (2013) has illustrated the same pattern for children.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAttitude, Machiavellianism and the Rationalization of Misreporting
Murphy, P. R. (2011) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2012.04.002 · Cited by 264
Valdesolo, P., & DeSteno, D. A. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01961.x · Cited by 237
“To examine these hypotheses, we modified a paradigm developed by Batson et al. (1997).”
MethodThe duality of virtue: Deconstructing the moral hypocrite
Valdesolo, P., & DeSteno, D. A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.03.010 · Cited by 224
Moral hypocrisy: Addressing some alternatives.
Batson, C. D., Thompson, E. R., & Chen, H. C. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.330 · Cited by 232
Self-citationWhy Don't Moral People Act Morally? Motivational Considerations
Batson, C. D., & Thompson, E. R. (2001) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00114 · Cited by 221
“Ironically, this hypocrisy pattern was especially strong among persons scoring high on a self-report measure of moral responsibility (Batson et al., 1997; Batson, Thompson, Seuferling, Whitney, & Strongman, 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMorality and behavioural regulation in groups: A social identity approach
Ellemers, N., Pagliaro, S., & Barreto, M. (2013) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2013.841490 · Cited by 231
Motivated Bayesians: Feeling Moral While Acting Egoistically
Gino, F., Norton, M. I., & Weber, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.30.3.189 · Cited by 208
“As a specific example, consider the situation analyzed by Batson, Kobrynowicz, Dinnerstein, Kampf, and Wilson’s (1997) study, in which participants in a laboratory experiment distribute two tasks between themselves and another participant: a positive task (where correct responses to a task earn tickets to a raffle) an…”
MethodMoral disengagement in self‐reported and peer‐nominated school bullying
Obermann, M. (2010) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20378 · Cited by 205
Setting the Justice Agenda: Seven Unanswered Questions about “What, Why, and How”
Greenberg, J. (2001) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1792 · Cited by 171
Implicit self-concept and moral action
Perugini, M., & Leone, L. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.03.015 · Cited by 169
“The written instructions,modeled after Batson et al. (1997), described two different tasks, one positive (referred to as reward task) and one negative (referred to as neutral task).”
BackgroundAsymmetrical Effects of Justice Sensitivity Perspectives on Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior
Gollwitzer, M., Schmitt, M., Schalke, R., Maes, J., & Baer, A. (2005) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-005-7368-1 · Cited by 181
“Studies on deceit ( Batson et al., 1997, 1999; Hartshorne and May,1928)andbystanderintervention(Clarkson,1996)demonstratehowstrongly moral behavior depends on the situational context.”
BackgroundZhong, C., Ku, G., Lount, R. B., & Murnighan, J. K. (2009) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-009-0161-6 · Cited by 176
Wisman, A., & Koole, S. L. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.511 · Cited by 159
Financial deprivation selectively shifts moral standards and compromises moral decisions
Sharma, E., Mažar, N., Alter, A. L., & Dan Ariely, C. (2014) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.09.001 · Cited by 149
From inconsistency to hypocrisy: When does “saying one thing but doing another” invite condemnation?
Effron, D. A., O'Connor, K. S., Leroy, H., & Lucas, B. J. (2018) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2018.10.003 · Cited by 143
Approach, Ability, Aftermath: A Psychological Process Framework of Unethical Behavior at Work
Moore, C., & Gino, F. (2015) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2015.1011522 · Cited by 176
“In a series of studies examining this phenomenon, Batson and his colleagues showed that individuals consistently assign themselves the more appealing of two tasks (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundBroken When Entering: The Stigmatization of Goodness and Business Ethics Education
Giacalone, R. A., & Promislo, M. D. (2012) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2011.0005a · Cited by 128
Rooting for (and Then Abandoning) the Underdog
Kim, J., Allison, S. T., Eylon, D., Goethals, G. R., Markus, M. J., Hindle, S. M., & McGuire, H. (2008) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00403.x · Cited by 126
Kipperman, B. S., Morris, P., & Rollin, B. E. (2018) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.104619 · Cited by 123
Morality shifting in the context of intergroup violence
Leidner, B., & Castano, E. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.846 · Cited by 124
How social relationships shape moral wrongness judgments
Earp, B. D., McLoughlin, K. L., Monrad, J. T., Clark, M. S., & Crockett, M. J. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26067-4 · Cited by 140
Development, reliability, and validity of the Moral Identity Questionnaire
Black, J. E., & Reynolds, W. M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.041 · Cited by 132
Effects of Anger, Guilt, and Envy on Moral Hypocrisy
Polman, E., & Ruttan, R. L. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211422365 · Cited by 116
“For example, Batson and colleagues (Batson et al., 1997; Batson et al., 1999) report that people who make the decision between completing a boring task and a fun task by flipping a coin assign themselves to the fun task about 80% of the time—a substantial increase from the 50% that one would expect by chance.”
BackgroundBlind loyalty? When group loyalty makes us see evil or engage in it
Hildreth, J. A. D., Gino, F., & Bazerman, M. H. (2015) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.10.001 · Cited by 118
When Values and Behavior Conflict: Moral Pluralism and Intrapersonal Moral Hypocrisy
Graham, J., Meindl, P., Koleva, S. P., Iyer, R., & JOHNSON, K. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12158 · Cited by 107
“Although people who score high on a moral responsibility assessment are more likely to flip the coin – that is, appear to make the fair and moral choice – they are no less likely to assign themselves the positive consequence (Batson et al., 1997; 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-Interest Bias in Moral Judgments of Others’ Actions
Bocian, K., & Wojciszke, B. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214529800 · Cited by 110
“Unsurprisingly, 16 of 20 participants assigned the positive task to themselves, and even when they were allowed to flip a coin to make a fair decision, 10 of 20 individuals flipped the coin; nevertheless, 9 individuals assigned the positive task to themselves (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundHigh levels of psychopathic traits alters moral choice but not moral judgment
Tassy, S., Deruelle, C., Mancini, J., Leistedt, S., & Wicker, B. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00229 · Cited by 102
Nilsson, A., Erlandsson, A., & Västfjäll, D. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.001 · Cited by 104
Zane, D. M., Irwin, J. R., & Reczek, R. W. (2015) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2015.10.002 · Cited by 89
Abstraction increases hypocrisy
Lammers, J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.006 · Cited by 90
Laurent, S. M., Clark, B. A., Walker, S., & Wiseman, K. D. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.801339 · Cited by 87
Moral masquerades: Experimental exploration of the nature of moral motivation
Batson, C. D. (2007) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-007-9058-y · Cited by 87
“Batson et al. (1997b) used two techniques to introduce wiggle room: They allowed participants to flip a coin (in private) to assign the tasks (Study 2) or to accept a “random” assignment that they knew gave them the positive task (Study 3). Results of each technique led to the same conclusion, so I shall focus only on…”
MethodSelf-citationMoral Foundations Theory and the Psychology of Charitable Giving
Nilsson, A., Erlandsson, A., & Västfjäll, D. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2256 · Cited by 103
“…of morality while serving their self-interest and opposing their explicitly endorsed moral principles (Batson, Kobrynowicz, Dinnerstein, Kampf, & Wilson, 1997), and moral behaviour in real decision situations can contradict moral choices made in hypothetical decision situations (FeldmanHall et…”
BackgroundBatson, C. D. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073911402380 · Cited by 90
“Batson et al. (1997) used this simple dilemma to unmask the nature of moral motivation by introducing ambiguity (wiggle room) into the link between moral appearance and reality, allowing individuals to pursue self-interest without having to look selfish (Snyder, Kleck, Strenta, & Mentzer, 1979).”
MethodSelf-citationAlicke, M. D., Gordon, E., & Rosé, D. (2012) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2012.677397 · Cited by 81
Deontic Justice and Organizational Neuroscience
Cropanzano, R., Massaro, S., & Becker, W. J. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3056-3 · Cited by 80
“Our moral lapses (Batson 2006; Batson et al. 1997) and self-deceptions (Batson et al.”
BackgroundCorruption in the Context of Moral Trade-offs
Dungan, J. A., Waytz, A. G., & Young, L. (2014) · Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics · doi:10.1177/0260107914540832 · Cited by 81
Beyond Dominance and Competence: A Moral Virtue Theory of Status Attainment
Bai, F. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868316649297 · Cited by 81
CSR as hypocrisy avoidance: a conceptual framework
Jauernig, J., & Valentinov, V. (2019) · Sustainability Accounting Management and Policy Journal · doi:10.1108/sampj-05-2018-0141 · Cited by 73
Moral hypocrisy, power and social preferences
Rustichini, A., & Villeval, M. C. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.08.002 · Cited by 75
“First, it helps understand how moral reflection influences economic behavior.”
The Link Between Self-Dehumanization and Immoral Behavior
Kouchaki, M., Dobson, K. S. H., Waytz, A. G., & Kteily, N. (2018) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797618760784 · Cited by 69
“Just think about it”? Cognitive complexity and moral choice
Moore, C., & Tenbrunsel, A. E. (2014) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.10.006 · Cited by 72
‘Doing Business After the Fall: The Virtue of Moral Hypocrisy’
Batson, C. D., Collins, E. C., & Powell, A. A. (2006) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-006-0011-8 · Cited by 66
Self-citationCarpenter, T. P., & Marshall, M. A. (2009) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01454.x · Cited by 65
THE UROLOGY RESIDENCY MATCHING PROGRAM IN PRACTICE
TEICHMAN, ANDERSON, K. D., DOROUGH, M. M., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67575-1 · Cited by 64
Moral cleansing as hypocrisy: When private acts of charity make you feel better than you deserve.
O'Connor, K. S., Effron, D. A., & Lucas, B. J. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000195 · Cited by 64
Shalvi, S., & Leiser, D. (2013) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.014 · Cited by 61
Moral hypocrisy: impression management or self-deception?
Lönnqvist, J., Irlenbusch, B., & Walkowitz, G. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.06.004 · Cited by 59
Modeling Morality in 3‐D: Decision‐Making, Judgment, and Inference
Yu, H., Siegel, J. Z., & Crockett, M. J. (2018) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12382 · Cited by 65
Male pragmatism in negotiators’ ethical reasoning
Kray, L. J., & Haselhuhn, M. P. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.04.006 · Cited by 62
Psychological distance increases uncompromising consequentialism
Aguilar, P., Brussino, S., & Dols, J. M. F. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.01.002 · Cited by 57
von Hippel, W., & Trivers, R. L. (2011) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10003018 · Cited by 50
Hindering Harm and Preserving Purity: How Can Moral Psychology Save the Planet?
Rottman, J., Kelemen, D. A., & Young, L. (2015) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12195 · Cited by 52
Joosten, A., van Dijke, M., Hiel, A. V., & Cremer, D. D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126377 · Cited by 60
“Moreover, such behaviors are ‘the right thing to do’ and as such affirm one’s 152 morality (see [45]).”
BackgroundThe effects of punishment and appeals for honesty on children’s truth-telling behavior
Talwar, V., Arruda, C. M., & Yachison, S. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.011 · Cited by 54
Hidden Paths from Morality to Cooperation: Moral Judgments Promote Trust and Trustworthiness
Simpson, B., Harrell, A. M., & Willer, R. (2013) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sot015 · Cited by 52
“Each participant either did or did not see the ostensible other assign him/herself to the positive consequences task, an action that prior work (Batson et al. 1997) and pretesting suggested that participants would consider unfair.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGamma, K., Mai, R., & Loock, M. (2018) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-018-3930-2 · Cited by 54
Information Acquisition and Opportunistic Behavior in Managerial Reporting
Church, B. K., Hannan, R. L., & Kuang, X. (2013) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1911-3846.12036 · Cited by 51
Gollwitzer, M., & van Prooijen, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3216-0_4 · Cited by 64
Eavesdropping on character: Assessing everyday moral behaviors
Bollich, K. L., Doris, J. M., Vazire, S., Raison, C. L., Jackson, J. J., & Mehl, M. R. (2015) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2015.12.003 · Cited by 45
Attitude, Machiavellianism and the Rationalization of MisreportingPreprint
Murphy, P. R. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1222972 · Cited by 50
Liu, X. K., Wright, A. M., & Wu, Y. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2156-1 · Cited by 46
Brand hypocrisy from a consumer perspective: scale development and validation
Guèvremont, A. (2019) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-06-2017-1504 · Cited by 53
Protect thyself: How affective self-protection increases self-interested, unethical behavior
Winterich, K. P., Mittal, V., & Morales, A. C. (2014) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.07.004 · Cited by 52
The four pillars of corporate responsibility: ethics, leadership, personal responsibility and trust
Mostovicz, E. I., Kakabadse, A., & KAKABADSE, N. K. (2011) · Corporate Governance · doi:10.1108/14720701111159307 · Cited by 45
“Another related issue, moral hypocrisy ( Batson et al. , 1997”
BackgroundDishonestly increasing the likelihood of winning
Shalvi, S. (2012) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500002266 · Cited by 46
“A growing body of research provides evidence that, given the possibility to lie without getting caught, people lie (e.g., Barkan, Ayal, Gino, & Ariely, 2012; Mazar, et al. 2008; Vohs & Schooler, 2007; Batson, et a., 1997; Greene & Pax-ton, 2009; Hao & Hauser, 2010; Lammers et al. 2010).”
The Grateful Don’t Cheat: Gratitude as a Fount of Virtue
DeSteno, D. A., Duong, F., Lim, D., & Kates, S. (2019) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797619848351 · Cited by 48
Derfler-Rozin, R. R., Moore, C., & Staats, B. R. (2016) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2016.1094 · Cited by 44
People avoid situations that enable them to deceive others
Shalvi, S., Handgraaf, M. J. J., & Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.015 · Cited by 47
“Studies on Moral Hypocrisy (Batson et al., 1997; 1999) as well as neoclassical economic theory would predict that individuals would be attracted to all those situations in which they can appear fair while (secretly) serving personal self-interest.”
Anticipating and Resisting the Temptation to Behave Unethically
Sheldon, O. J., & Fishbach, A. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215586196 · Cited by 43
Self-reported ethical risk taking tendencies predict actual dishonesty
Zimerman, L., Shalvi, S., & Bereby‐Meyer, Y. (2014) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500004988 · Cited by 42
Normative Self-Interest or Moral Hypocrisy?: The Importance of Context
Watson, G. W., & Sheikh, F. (2007) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9348-2 · Cited by 39
Laurent, S. M., & Clark, B. A. (2019) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2018.1556160 · Cited by 38
Harkrider, L. N., Tamborski, M., Wang, X., Brown, R. P., Mumford, M. D., Connelly, S., & Devenport, L. D. (2013) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2012.714246 · Cited by 36
“Despite the powerful ability for incentives to motivate desired performance ( Baldwin & Krotseng, 1985 ; Pinder, 2008 ), incentives can have negative effects, leading to increased unethical behavior ( Batson, Kobrynowicz, Dinnerstein, Kampf, & Wilson, 1997 ).”
BackgroundConnected Moral Agency in Organizational Ethics
Watson, G. W., Freeman, R. E., & Parmar, B. (2007) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9497-y · Cited by 35
“Still others will emphasize the ego-affirmative role of values in justifying and rationalizing a course of action (Batson et al., 1997; Kristiansen and Zanna, 1988; Watson et al., 2004).”
BackgroundTwo-Faced Morality: Distrust Promotes Divergent Moral Standards for the Self Versus Others
Weiß, A., Burgmer, P., & Mussweiler, T. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218775693 · Cited by 35
Moral values and increasing stakes in a dictator game
Schier, U. K., Ockenfels, A., & Hofmann, W. (2016) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2016.06.004 · Cited by 34
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Why drivers use cell phones and support legislation to restrict this practice
Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Strayer, D. L., Behrends, A. A., Ward, N., & Watson, J. M. (2016) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.03.010 · Cited by 35
Dols, J. M. F., Aguilar, P. C., Campo, S., Vallacher, R. R., Janowsky, A., Rabbia, H. H., Brussino, S., & Lerner, M. J. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.02.001 · Cited by 33
“What remained were the instructions that Batson described as making the moral norm salient: ‘‘Most participants feel that giving both people an equal chance is the fairest way to assign themselves and the other participant to the task (you have a coin if you wish)” (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Batson, C. D., Kobrynowicz, D., Dinnerstein, J. L., Kampf, H. C., & Wilson, A. D.
- ORCID
- Batson, C. Daniel
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1997
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1335-1348
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4297917739
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Ethics in Business and Education
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- moral hypocrisy, moral dissonance, self-presentation
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