Cited by 2,113Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionPersonality Traits and PsychologyDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?

Bushman, Brad J., Baumeister, Roy F.·1998·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

It has been widely asserted that low self-esteem causes violence, but laboratory evidence is lacking, and some contrary observations have characterized aggressors as having favorable self-opinions. In 2 studies, both simple self-esteem and narcissism were measured, and then individual participants were given an opportunity to aggress against someone who had insulted them or praised them or against an innocent third person. Self-esteem proved irrelevant to aggression. The combination of narcissism and insult led to exceptionally high levels of aggression toward the source of the insult. Neither form of self-regard affected displaced aggression, which was low in general. These findings contradict the popular view that low self-esteem causes aggression and point instead toward threatened egotism as an important cause.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,647
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,870
Applied Linear Statistical Models
Kutner, M., Nachtsheim, C. J., Neter, J., & Li, W. (1997) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1997.10485141 · Cited by 7,186
Applied Linear Statistical Models.
Lorenz, F. O., Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. (1986) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289108 · Cited by 5,566
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.
Tufte, E. R., Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1979) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2286442 · Cited by 5,214
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.
Fong, G. T., Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. R. (1985) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2287930 · Cited by 4,610
Frustration and aggression.
Dollard, J., Miller, N. E., Doob, L. W., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10022-000 · Cited by 3,920
Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression.
Richardson, S. T., Jacard, J., Turrisi, R., & Wan, C. K. (1991) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348747 · Cited by 3,310
Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism
Kernberg, O. F. (1995) · doi:10.5040/9798216436638 · Cited by 2,872

Show all 51 references

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 1,003

When self-protection overreaches: Relationship-specific threat activates domain-general avoidance motivation
Cavallo, J. V., Fitzsimons, G. M., & Holmes, J. G. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.07.007 · Cited by 49
Shamed into self-love: Dynamics, roots, and functions of narcissism.
Robins, R. W., Tracy, J. L., & Shaver, P. R. (2001) · Cited by 48
The Emotional Dynamics of Narcissism: Inflated by Pride, Deflated by Shame
Tracy, J. L., Cheng, J. T., Martens, J. P., & Robins, R. W. (2011) · The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch29 · Cited by 49
Narcissism and Aggressive Driving: Is an Inflated View of the Self a Road Hazard?
Lustman, M., Wiesenthal, D. L., & Flett, G. L. (2010) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00624.x · Cited by 48
Self-perception and life satisfaction
Miller, B. K., Zivnuska, S., & Kacmar, K. M. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.003 · Cited by 54
Workplace spirituality and employee incivility: Exploring the role of ethical climate and narcissism
Lata, M., & Chaudhary, R. (2022) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103178 · Cited by 54
Research review on anger in psychotherapy
Mayne, T. J., & Ambrose, T. K. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199903)55:3 · Cited by 51
The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Applicability in a Swedish population sample
Kansi, J. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1046/j.1467-9450.2003.00365.x · Cited by 48
Psychopathic traits and change on indicators of dynamic risk factors during inpatient forensic psychiatric treatment
Hildebrand, M., & de Ruiter, C. (2012) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.04.001 · Cited by 47
The impact of follower narcissism and LMX perceptions on feeling envied and job performance
Treadway, D. C., Yang, J., Bentley, J. R., Williams, L. V., & Reeves, M. (2017) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2017.1288151 · Cited by 47
Examining the effects of negative performance feedback: the roles of sadness, feedback self-efficacy, and grit
Motro, D., Comer, D. R., & Lenaghan, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-020-09689-1 · Cited by 48
Kicking the (Barking) Dog Effect: The Moderating Role of Target Attributes on Triggered Displaced Aggression
Pedersen, W. C., Bushman, B. J., Vasquez, E. A., & Miller, N. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208321268 · Cited by 47
Self-citation
Discrepancies Between Self– and Other–Esteem as Correlates of Aggression
Pérez, M., Vohs, K. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2005) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.607 · Cited by 47
Roots of Hate, Violence, and Evil.
Baumeister, R. F., & Butz, D. A. (2005) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10930-005 · Cited by 47
Self-citation
Subjective Performance Evaluations and Reciprocity in Principal–Agent Relations
Sebald, A., & Walzl, M. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/sjoe.12045 · Cited by 47
COMMENTARIES
Andersen, S. M., Miranda, R., Edwards, T., Arkin, R. M., Lakin, J. L., Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Brown, R. P., Bosson, J. K., Campbell, W. K., et al. (2001) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1204_2 · Cited by 46
Self-citation
Factors determining compliance with command hallucinations with violent content: the role of social rank, perceived power of the voice and voice malevolence
Fox, J. R. E., Gray, N. S., & Lewis, H. (2004) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/1478994042000226741 · Cited by 46
The effect of color and self-view priming in persuasive communications
Kareklas, I., Muehling, D. D., & King, S. (2019) · Journal of business research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.022 · Cited by 38
You remind me of someone awesome: narcissistic tolerance is driven by perceived similarity.
Burton, K. A., Adams, J. M., Hart, W., Grant, B., Richardson, K., & Tortoriello, G. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.019 · Cited by 45
The Positive (and Negative) Psychology of Empathy
Grynberg, D., & Konrath, S. (2013) · Digital Access to Libraries · Cited by 45
Students Aggress Against Professors in Reaction to Receiving Poor Grades: An Effect Moderated by Student Narcissism and Self‐Esteem
Vaillancourt, T. (2012) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21450 · Cited by 52
Addiction and “Generation Me”: Narcissistic and Prosocial Behaviors of Adolescents with Substance Dependency Disorder in Comparison to Normative Adolescents
Carter, R. R., Johnson, S. M., Exline, J. J., Post, S. G., & Pagano, M. E. (2012) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07347324.2012.663286 · Cited by 44
When apologies fail: The moderating effect of implicit and explicit self-esteem on apology and forgiveness
Eaton, J., Struthers, C., Shomrony, A., & Santelli, A. G. (2007) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860601118819 · Cited by 50
Humility: Development and analysis of a scale
Elliott, J. C. (2010) · Cited by 45
States of minds in narcissistic personality disorder: Three psychotherapies analyzed using the grid of problematic states
Dimaggio, G., Nicolo', G., Fiore, D., Centenero, E., Semerari, A., Carcione, A., & Pedone, R. (2008) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300701881877 · Cited by 45
A Personality-Based Model of Adolescent Violence
Sutherland, I. (2002) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/42.2.433 · Cited by 45
The Validity of Narcissism and Driving Anger in Predicting Aggressive Driving in a Sample of Young Drivers
Edwards, B., Warren, C. R., Tubré, T., Zyphur, M. J., & Hoffner-Prillaman, R. (2013) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2013.795961 · Cited by 45
Automatic imitation is reduced in narcissists.
Obhi, S. S., Hogeveen, J., Giacomin, M., & Jordan, C. H. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0034056 · Cited by 47
The role of gender in social network organization
Psylla, I., Sapieżyński, P., Mones, E., & Lehmann, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189873 · Cited by 51
Two Sides to Self-protection: Self-improvement Strivings and Feedback from Close Relationships Eliminate Mnemic Neglect
Green, J. D., Sedikides, C., Pinter, B., & Tongeren, D. R. V. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860802505145 · Cited by 45
Principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition: An introduction for the special issue on social cognitive neuroscience
Lieberman, M. D. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.028 · Cited by 46
Leader narcissism and subordinate embeddedness: The moderating roles of moral attentiveness and behavioral integrity
Erkutlu, H. V., & Chafra, J. (2017) · EuroMed Journal of Business · doi:10.1108/emjb-04-2016-0012 · Cited by 44
Research in Social Psychology: Consequences of Short- and Long-Term Social Exclusion
Bernstein, M. J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33033-4_3 · Cited by 49
Quid pro quo in Web 2.0. Connecting personality traits and Facebook usage intensity to uncivil commenting intentions in public online discussions
Koban, K., Stein, J., Eckhardt, V., & Ohler, P. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.015 · Cited by 44
Narcissistic Leadership, Employee Silence, and Organizational Cynicism: A Study of Physicians in Egyptian Public Hospitals
Mousa, M., Abdelgaffar, H., Aboramadan, M., & Chaouali, W. (2020) · International Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/01900692.2020.1758719 · Cited by 48
Agentic and Communal Goals in Early Adulthood: Associations with Narcissism, Empathy, and Perceptions of Self and Others
Nostrand, D. F.-V., & Ojanen, T. J. (2012) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2012.694660 · Cited by 44
Narcissism and Cardiovascular Reactivity to Rejection Imagery1
Sommer, K. L., Kirkland, K. L., Newman, S. R., Estrella, P., & Andreassi, J. L. (2009) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00473.x · Cited by 47
I present myself and have a lot of Facebook-friends – Am I a happy narcissist!?
Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.022 · Cited by 43
Neuroticism and agreeableness differentiate emotional and narcissistic expressions of aggression
Egan, V., & Lewis, M. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.007 · Cited by 43
It's all about me: The role of narcissism in exacerbating the relationship between stressors and counterproductive work behaviour
Meurs, J. A., Fox, S., Kessler, S. R., & Spector, P. E. (2013) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2013.849776 · Cited by 43
Subtypes of self‐esteem and self‐concept in adolescent violent and property offenders
Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., Bogaerts, J., Ruchkin, V. V., Deboutte, D., & Schwab‐Stone, M. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00231.x · Cited by 43
The Maudsley Violence Questionnaire: Relationship to personality and self-reported offending
Walker, J. S., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.009 · Cited by 43
Do self-control depletion and negative emotion contribute to intimate partner aggression? A lab-based study.
Watkins, L. E., DiLillo, D., Hoffman, L., & Templin, J. L. (2013) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0033955 · Cited by 43
Regulating Anger under Stress via Cognitive Reappraisal and Sadness
Zhan, J., Wu, X., Fan, J., Guo, J., Zhou, J., Ren, J., Liu, C., & Luo, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01372 · Cited by 50
Pathological narcissism and maladaptive self-regulatory behaviours in a nationally representative sample of Canadian men
Kealy, D., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Rice, S., & Oliffe, J. L. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.009 · Cited by 45
I-Through-We: How Supportive Social Relationships Facilitate Personal Growth
Lee, D. S., Ybarra, O., Gonzalez, R., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217730371 · Cited by 51
What, I′m not good enough for you? Individual differences in masculine honor beliefs and the endorsement of aggressive responses to romantic rejection
Stratmoen, E., Greer, M. M., Martens, A. L., & Saucier, D. A. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.018 · Cited by 43
Testing Hypersensitive Responses: Ethnic Minorities Are Not More Sensitive to Microaggressions, They Just Experience Them More Frequently
West, K. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219838790 · Cited by 50
Early maladaptive schemas, styles of humor and aggression
Dozois, D. J. A., Martin, R. A., & Faulkner, B. (2013) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2013-0006 · Cited by 42
The behavioral approach and inhibition systems' role in shaping the displaced and direct aggressive reaction to ostracism and rejection
Rajchert, J. M., & Winiewski, M. H. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.018 · Cited by 46
Virtually justifiable homicide: The effects of prosocial contexts on the link between violent video games, aggression, and prosocial and hostile cognition
Gitter, S. A., Ewell, P. J., Guadagno, R. E., Stillman, T. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (2013) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21487 · Cited by 42
Self-citation
Narcissists’ negative perception of their counterpart’s competence and benevolence and their own reduced trust in a negotiation context
Kong, D. T. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.015 · Cited by 42
Playing Violent Video Games Increases Intergroup Bias
Greitemeyer, T. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213505872 · Cited by 42
Social Hostility in Soccer and Beyond
Doesum, N. J. V., van Prooijen, J., Verburgh, L., & Lange, P. A. M. V. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153577 · Cited by 43
Can ingroup love harm the ingroup? Collective narcissism and objectification of ingroup members
Cichocka, A. K., Cisłak, A., Gronfeldt, B., & Wójcik, A. D. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302211038058 · Cited by 48
"If I Can't Have You, No One Can": Development of a Relational Entitlement and Proprietariness Scale (REPS)
Hannawa, A. F., Spitzberg, B. H., Wiering, L., & Teranishi, C. S. (2006) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.21.5.539 · Cited by 42
Mentoring and Protégé Narcissistic Entitlement
Allen, T. D., Johnson, H.-A. M., Xu, X. L., Biga, A. M., Rodopman, O. B., & Ottinot, R. C. (2008) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845308327735 · Cited by 42
Hatred
Brogaard, B. “. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190084448.001.0001 · Cited by 53
Narcissism and Romantic Relationships
Foster, J. D., & Brunell, A. B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_34 · Cited by 41
Distinctive effects of fear and sadness induction on anger and aggressive behavior
Zhan, J., Ren, J., Fan, J., & Luo, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00725 · Cited by 42
Esteem Support Messages Received during the Job Search: A Test of the CETESM
Holmstrom, A. J., Russell, J. C., & Clare, D. D. (2013) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2013.775699 · Cited by 40
“Hit Me, Maybe, One More Time”: Brief measures of impulsivity and sensation seeking and their prediction of blackjack bets and sexual promiscuity
Webster, G. D., & Crysel, L. C. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.07.001 · Cited by 41
Anger management groups for adolescents: A mixed-methods study of efficacy and treatment preferences
Down, R., Willner, P., Watts, L., & Griffiths, J. (2010) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104509341448 · Cited by 41
Narcissism and other-derogation in the absence of ego threat.
Park, S. W., & Colvin, C. R. (2015) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12107 · Cited by 41
The Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Sexual Self-Concept in People With Physical-Motor Disabilities
Salehi, M., Tavakol, H. K., Shabani, M., & Ziaei, T. (2015) · Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/ircmj.25359 · Cited by 41
Narcissists of a Feather Flock Together
Maaß, U., Lämmle, L., Bensch, D., & Ziegler, M. D. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216629114 · Cited by 44
Narcissism and the Strategic Pursuit of Short-Term Mating: Universal Links across 11 World Regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2
Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., & Ruch, W. (2017) · DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) · doi:10.5167/uzh-147425 · Cited by 41
Is Narcissism Associated with Heavy Work Investment? The Moderating Role of Workload in the Relationship between Narcissism, Workaholism, and Work Engagement
Falco, A., Girardi, D., Sipio, A. D., Calvo, V., Marogna, C., & Snir, R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134750 · Cited by 48
Threatened Egotism or Confirmed Inadequacy? How Children's Perceptions of Social Status Influence Aggressive Behavior Toward Peers
Sandstrom, M. J., & Herlan, R. D. (2007) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.2.240 · Cited by 41
NARCISSISM AND ANGER: AN EXPLORATION OF UNDERLYING CORRELATES
Witte, T. H., Callahan, K. L., & Perez‐Lopez, M. S. (2002) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2002.90.3.871 · Cited by 41
Development and Initial Validation of the Narcissistic Personality Questionnaire for Children: A preliminary investigation using school‐based Asian samples
Ang, R. P.-H., & Yusof, N. (2005) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410500340942 · Cited by 41
Culture-driven emotional profiles and online discourse extremism
Lewandowska‐Tomaszczyk, B. (2020) · Pragmatics and Society · doi:10.1075/ps.18069.lew · Cited by 40
Self-Compassion and Predictors of Criminality
Morley, R. H., Terranova, V. A., Cunningham, S. N., & Kraft, G. (2016) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2015.1107170 · Cited by 47
Dark Triad Traits and the Entrepreneurial Process: A Person-Entrepreneurship Perspective
Tucker, R. L., Lowman, G. H., & Marino, L. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0742-730120160000034013 · Cited by 40
Physical aggressiveness and gray matter deficits in ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Chester, D. S., Lynam, D. R., Milich, R. S., & DeWall, C. N. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.09.024 · Cited by 40
Otakuism and the Appeal of Sex Robots
Appel, M., Marker, C., & Mara, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00569 · Cited by 40
Good intentions aren't good enough: Moral courage in opposing sexual harassment
Goodwin, R. D., Graham, J., & Diekmann, K. A. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103894 · Cited by 43
The Mediating Role of Self Esteem in the Relationship Between the Authoritative Parenting Style and Aggression
Hesari, N. K. Z., & Hejazi, E. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.333 · Cited by 40
The relationship between aggression, narcissism, and self-esteem in Asian children and adolescents
Ang, R. P.-H., & Yusof, N. (2005) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-005-1010-0 · Cited by 40
Egoistic versus altruistic concerns in communal relationships
Park, L. E., Troisi, J. D., & Maner, J. K. (2010) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407510382178 · Cited by 40
Self-respect: A neglected concept
Roland, C. E., & Foxx, R. (2003) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515080307764 · Cited by 40
Lingering Effects: Stereotype Threat Hurts More than You Think
Inzlicht, M., Tullett, A. M., Legault, L., & Kang, S. K. (2011) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01031.x · Cited by 61
Facets on the psychopathy checklist screening version and instrumental violence in forensic psychiatric patients
Laurell, J., Belfrage, H., & Hellström, Å. (2010) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.779 · Cited by 39
I only like the idea of you: Narcissists tolerate others’ narcissistic traits but not their corresponding behaviors
Adams, J. M., Hart, W., & Burton, K. A. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.019 · Cited by 38
An actor–partner interdependence model of the Dark Triad and aggression in couples: Relationship duration moderates the link between psychopathy and argumentativeness
Webster, G. D., Gesselman, A., Crysel, L. C., Brunell, A. B., Jonason, P., Hadden, B. W., & Smith, C. V. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.065 · Cited by 30
Gender Moderates the Relationship Between Empathy and Aggressiveness in Sport: The Mediating Role of Anger
Stanger, N., Kavussanu, M., & Ring, C. (2016) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2016.1196764 · Cited by 39
The anger-infused Ultimatum Game: A reliable and valid paradigm to induce and assess anger.
Gilam, G., Abend, R., Shani, H., Ben‐Zion, Z., & Hendler, T. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000435 · Cited by 43
Repelled by virtue? The dark triad and eudaimonic narratives
Appel, M., Slater, M. D., & Oliver, M. B. (2018) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2018.1523014 · Cited by 39
Trait aggressiveness predicting aggressive behavior: The moderating role of meta‐cognitive certainty
Santos, D., Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., Gandarillas, B., & Mateos, R. G. (2019) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21815 · Cited by 39
Personality and the derogation of others: Descriptions based on self- and peer report
South, S. C., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. N. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00526-3 · Cited by 39
Prevention-focused self-regulation and aggressiveness
Keller, J., Hurst, M., & Üskül, A. K. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.10.005 · Cited by 39
The neural basis of emotions varies over time: different regions go with onset- and offset-bound processes underlying emotion intensity
Résibois, M., Verduyn, P., Delaveau, P., Rotgé, J., Kuppens, P., Mechelen, I. V., & Fossati, P. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx051 · Cited by 40
In Defense of Self-Love: An Observational Study on Narcissists' Negative Behavior During Romantic Relationship Conflict
Peterson, J. L., & DeHart, T. (2014) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2013.868368 · Cited by 38
Covert narcissism as a predictor of internalizing symptoms after performance feedback in adolescents
Malkin, M. L., Barry, C. T., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.031 · Cited by 38
Youth violence and positive psychology: Research potential through integration.
Tweed, R. G., Bhatt, G., Dooley, S., Spindler, A., Douglas, K. S., & Viljoen, J. L. (2011) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0020695 · Cited by 44
The Moderating Effects of Collectivistic Orientation on Psychological Ownership and Constructive Deviant Behavior
Chung, Y. W., & Moon, H. K. (2011) · International Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.5539/ijbm.v6n12p65 · Cited by 38
Perverse Effects of Other-Referenced Performance Goals in an Information Exchange Context
Poortvliet, P. M., Anseel, F., Janssen, O., Yperen, N. W. V., & de Vliert, E. V. (2011) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1005-8 · Cited by 39
Shall I leave or shall we fight? Effects of threatened group-based self-esteem on identity management strategies
Martiny, S., Kessler, T., & Vignoles, V. (2012) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430211415439 · Cited by 22
Devils at job environment: A study on employee ego depletion from abusive supervision and workaholic coworker
Jin, D. (2023) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103586 · Cited by 37
High Self-Esteem: Multiple Forms and Their Outcomes
Heppner, W. L., & Kernis, M. H. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_15 · Cited by 41

Authors: Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F.
Affiliations: Iowa State University (US)
Corresponding author: Bushman, Brad J.
ORCID: Bushman, Brad J.
Baumeister, Roy F.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998-07
Volume: 75
Issue: 1
Pages: 219-229
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219
OpenAlex: W2150232152
Cited by: 2,113
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 73 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 161 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 112 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 114 · 2014: 100 · 2013: 116 · 2012: 103
FWCI: 24.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh051482-03)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-51482)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: narcissism, self-esteem, egotism, displaced aggression, direct aggression, self-regard, violence, self-love, self-hatred
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aggression, Defense Mechanisms, Displacement, Psychological, Female, Hate, Humans, Internal-External Control, Love, Male, Narcissism, Personality Inventory, Self Concept, Students, Violence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks