Cited by 2,113Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionPersonality Traits and PsychologyDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?

Bushman, Brad J., Baumeister, Roy F.·1998·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219

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Abstract

It has been widely asserted that low self-esteem causes violence, but laboratory evidence is lacking, and some contrary observations have characterized aggressors as having favorable self-opinions. In 2 studies, both simple self-esteem and narcissism were measured, and then individual participants were given an opportunity to aggress against someone who had insulted them or praised them or against an innocent third person. Self-esteem proved irrelevant to aggression. The combination of narcissism and insult led to exceptionally high levels of aggression toward the source of the insult. Neither form of self-regard affected displaced aggression, which was low in general. These findings contradict the popular view that low self-esteem causes aggression and point instead toward threatened egotism as an important cause.

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Self-citation

Authors: Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F.
Affiliations: Iowa State University (US)
Corresponding author: Bushman, Brad J.
ORCID: Bushman, Brad J.
Baumeister, Roy F.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998-07
Volume: 75
Issue: 1
Pages: 219-229
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219
OpenAlex: W2150232152
Cited by: 2,113
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 73 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 161 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 112 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 114 · 2014: 100 · 2013: 116 · 2012: 103
FWCI: 24.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh051482-03)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-51482)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: narcissism, self-esteem, egotism, displaced aggression, direct aggression, self-regard, violence, self-love, self-hatred
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aggression, Defense Mechanisms, Displacement, Psychological, Female, Hate, Humans, Internal-External Control, Love, Male, Narcissism, Personality Inventory, Self Concept, Students, Violence

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Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?

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