The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Just say no (to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation.
Abstract
The primary aim of the present research was to examine the effect of training in negating stereotype associations on stereotype activation. Across 3 studies, participants received practice in negating stereotypes related to skinhead and racial categories. The subsequent automatic activation of stereotypes was measured using either a primed Stroop task (Studies I and 2) or a person categorization task (Study 3). The results demonstrate that when receiving no training or training in a nontarget category stereotype, participants exhibited spontaneous stereotype activation. After receiving an extensive amount of training related to a specific category, however, participants demonstrated reduced stereotype activation. The results from the training task provide further evidence for the impact of practice on participants' proficiency in negating stereotypes.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“as unconscious biases are “habits of mind”,31,45 learned over time through repeated personal experiences and cultural socialization, they are highly resistant to change.46”
From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [46]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 371
Does Black vs. White race affect practitioners’ appraisal of Parkinson’s disease?
Harris, S., Narayanan, N. S., & Tranel, D. (2023) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-023-00549-2 · Cited by 28
Peer-mentorship and first-year inclusion: building belonging in higher education
van der Velden, G. J., Meeuwsen, J. A. L., Fox, C. M., Stolte, C., & Dilaver, G. (2023) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04805-0 · Cited by 45
Subliminal Gender Stereotypes: Who Can Resist?
van Breen, J. A., Spears, R., Kuppens, T., & de Lemus, S. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218771895 · Cited by 27
Stereotype Threat in Sport: Recommendations for Applied Practice and Research
Smith, D. M., & Martiny, S. E. (2018) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2017-0134 · Cited by 31
Wenger, J. L., & Yarbrough, T. D. (2005) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.145.1.5-16 · Cited by 25
Prati, F., Menegatti, M., & Rubini, M. (2015) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x14567777 · Cited by 24
Implicit stereotyping and prejudice and the primed Stroop task
Kawakami, K., Dion, K. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1999) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024//1421-0185.58.4.241 · Cited by 24
Self-citationNeguţ, A., & Sârbescu, P. (2013) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864913499180 · Cited by 24
On the Origins of Gender-Biased Behavior: The Role of Explicit and Implicit Stereotypes
Avitzour, E., Choen, A., Joel, D., & Lavy, V. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27818 · Cited by 28
McCarty, M. K., & Burt, A. H. (2024) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-024-01449-2 · Cited by 25
Human capital neurodiversity: an examination of stereotype threat anticipation
Priscott, T., & Allen, R. A. (2021) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-06-2020-0304 · Cited by 23
Kang, Y., Gray, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0355-6 · Cited by 22
Self-citationSmith, C. T., Calanchini, J., Hughes, S., Dessel, P. V., & Houwer, J. D. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1592118 · Cited by 24
The deautomatization of accessible attitudes
Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Posavac, S. S., Vanous, S., Ho, E. A., & Fázio, R. H. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.04.008 · Cited by 20
Macan, T. M., & Merritt, S. M. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781119992592.ch8 · Cited by 21
Not all Stereotypic Biases are Created Equal: Evidence for a Stereotype-Disconfirming Bias
Wyer, N. A. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203262850 · Cited by 20
Glock, S., & Kneer, J. (2009) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105.21.4.151 · Cited by 19
I Don't See Race (or Conflict): Strategic Descriptions of Ambiguous Negative Intergroup Contexts
Karmali, F., Kawakami, K., Vaccarino, E., Williams, A., Phills, C. E., & Friesen, J. P. (2019) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12353 · Cited by 19
Self-citationMullen, B. R., Pizzuto, C., & Foels, R. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1333 · Cited by 23
The Role of Working Memory Capacity in Multiple-Cue Probability Learning
Rolison, J. J., Evans, J. S. B. T., Walsh, C. R., & Dennis, I. (2011) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2011.559586 · Cited by 19
Wirth, R., Kunde, W., & Pfister, R. (2019) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.62 · Cited by 18
Abreu, J. M. D. C., Ramirez, E. A., Kim, B. S. K., & Haddy, C. (2003) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224540309600425 · Cited by 18
Werlen, B., Suarsana, L., & Meusburger, P. (2017) · Knowledge and space · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44588-5 · Cited by 27
Disruptive Behavior in Medicine: Sources, Impact, and Management
Hastie, M. J., Jalbout, T., Ott, Q., Hopf, H. W., Cevasco, M., & Hastie, J. M. (2020) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000005218 · Cited by 17
Macan, T., & Merritt, S. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118311141.ch8 · Cited by 17
van Quaquebeke, N., & Schmerling, A. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O · doi:10.1026/0932-4089/a000020 · Cited by 14
Stereotype activation is unintentional: Behavioural and event‐related potenials evidence
Wang, P., Yang, Y., Tan, C., Zhao, X., Yonghe, L. I. U., & Lin, C. (2015) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12135 · Cited by 17
Fehr, J., Sassenberg, K., & Jonas, K. J. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000111 · Cited by 17
Mindfulness: Deautomatization of Cognitive and Emotional Life
Kang, Y., Gruber, J., & Gray, J. R. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118294895.ch9 · Cited by 18
Psychology and Medical Education: Collaborations for Culturally Responsive Care
Ring, J. M. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-008-9141-8 · Cited by 16
Gelfand, S. (2015) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-015-9721-6 · Cited by 18
White, K. R. G., Danek, R. H., Herring, D. R., Taylor, J. H., & Crites, S. L. (2018) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000326 · Cited by 16
Breaking the Prejudice Habit: Allport's “Inner Conflict” Revisited
Devine, P. G. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470773963.ch20 · Cited by 16
Understanding the Nature, Measurement, and Utility of Implicit Intergroup Biases
Yogeeswaran, K., Devos, T., & Nash, K. A. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316161579.011 · Cited by 18
Schneider, C. R., & Weber, E. U. (2020) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12374 · Cited by 16
Calanchini, J. (2020) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s165 · Cited by 15
Marini, M., & Casile, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.989582 · Cited by 18
The Black-White Malleability Gap in Implicit Racial Evaluations: A Nationally Representative Study
Pinkston, K. (2014) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2014.987200 · Cited by 15
Developing a scale to measure the social distance between tourism community residents
Chen, M., Zhang, J., Sun, J., Wang, C., & Yang, J. (2020) · Tourism Geographies · doi:10.1080/14616688.2020.1765012 · Cited by 16
Putting Social Psychology into Serious Games
Baldwin, M. W., & Dandeneau, S. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00185.x · Cited by 15
Disinhibition of stereotyping: context, prejudice, and target characteristics
Kawakami, K., Spears, R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2002) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.106 · Cited by 15
Self-citationFrom conflict to collaboration: The role of expertise in fisheries management
Jenkins, L. D. (2014) · Ocean & Coastal Management · doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.10.006 · Cited by 14
The Role of Nominee Gender and Race at U.S. Supreme Court Confirmation Hearings
Boyd, C. L., Collins, P. M., & Ringhand, L. A. (2018) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12362 · Cited by 14
Brownstein, M., & Madva, A. (2011) · Philosophy of the Social Sciences · doi:10.1177/0048393111426402 · Cited by 14
Steed, R. (2014) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659614523471 · Cited by 13
Stereotype-based priming without stereotype activation: A tale of two priming tasks
Tsamadi, D., Falbén, J. K., Persson, L. M., Golubickis, M., Caughey, S., Sahin, B., & Macrae, C. N. (2020) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021820925396 · Cited by 14
Brand Discrimination: An Implicit Measure of the Strength of Mental Brand Representations
Friedman, M., & Leclercq, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121373 · Cited by 12
Generational Differences: Let's Not Throw the Baby Boomer Out With the Bathwater
Perry, E. L., Golom, F. D., & McCarthy, J. (2015) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.53 · Cited by 12
Facial expressions can inhibit the activation of gender stereotypes
Zhang, X.-B., Li, Q., Sun, S., & Zuo, B. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1586648 · Cited by 9
Lautenbach, F., Korte, J., Möhwald, A., Heyder, A., & Grimminger‐Seidensticker, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.00007 · Cited by 21
Köpetz, C., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207313730 · Cited by 11
Smith, N. A., Martinez, L. R., Xu, S. T., & Waterbury, C. J. (2022) · Cornell Hospitality Quarterly · doi:10.1177/19389655221127263 · Cited by 11
Who Distinguishes Between Sinners and Sins at the Implicit Level of Awareness?
Wenger, J. L., & Daniels, A. L. (2006) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.146.6.657-669 · Cited by 11
When threat matters: Self-regulation, threat salience, and stereotyping
Stroessner, S. J., Scholer, A. A., Marx, D. M., & Weisz, B. M. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.03.003 · Cited by 13
Changing fit and fat bias using an implicit retraining task
Berry, T. R., Elfeddali, I., & de Vries, H. (2014) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.885024 · Cited by 11
Political deliberation and the challenge of bounded rationality
Smith, A. F. (2013) · Politics Philosophy & Economics · doi:10.1177/1470594x13488355 · Cited by 13
Learning positive social information reduces racial bias as indexed by N400 response
Brusa, A., Pesič, A., & Proverbio, A. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260540 · Cited by 10
Swim, J. K., Gervais, S. J., Pearson, N. B., et al. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804465.004 · Cited by 11
Maass, A., Cadinu, M., Boni, M., et al. (2005) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430205053943 · Cited by 11
Disrupting the Effects of Implicit Bias: The Case of Discretion & Policing
Glaser, J. (2024) · Daedalus · doi:10.1162/daed_a_02053 · Cited by 13
Social Consensus Feedback as a Strategy to Overcome Spontaneous Gender Stereotypes
Finnegan, E., Garnham, A., & Oakhill, J. V. (2015) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2015.1026680 · Cited by 10
Intergroup Boundaries and Attitudes
Gulker, J. E., & Monteith, M. J. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213485444 · Cited by 10
Automatic Ingroup Bias as Resistance to Traditional Gender Roles?
de Lemus, S., Spears, R., Lupiáñez, J., Bukowski, M., & Moya, M. (2018) · Social Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.32872/spb.v13i4.29080 · Cited by 11
Can We Prepare to Negate? Negation as a Reversal Operator
Dudschig, C., & Kaup, B. (2020) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.119 · Cited by 10
Spivey, M. J. (2020) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/12818.001.0001 · Cited by 37
The power of the unexpected: Prediction errors enhance stereotype-based learning
Falbén, J. K., Golubickis, M., Tsamadi, D., Persson, L. M., & Macrae, C. N. (2023) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105386 · Cited by 10
Automatic Activation of Exercise and Sedentary Stereotypes
Berry, T. R., & Spence, J. C. (2009) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2009.10599602 · Cited by 9
Disconfirming Intergroup Evaluations: Asymmetric Effects for In-Groups and Out-Groups
Crisp, R. J., & Nicel, J. K. (2004) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.144.3.247-271 · Cited by 9
Whites demonstrate anti-Black associations but do not reinforce them
Axt, J. R., & Trawalter, S. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.11.013 · Cited by 8
Gender stereotypes, self, and sport dropout: a one-year prospective study in adolescents
Plaza, M., & Boiché, J. (2017) · Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité · doi:10.1051/sm/2017018 · Cited by 9
Rubinstein, R., Jussim, L. J., Bock, J. E., & Loh, B. (2021) · Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/jts5.96 · Cited by 9
Explaining Self-Declared Social Tolerance for Human Diversity in Latin America and the Caribbean
Bangwayo-Skeete, P., & Zikhali, P. (2013) · Forum for Social Economics · doi:10.1080/07360932.2012.714713 · Cited by 8
Meaning and Automatic Stereotyping: Advancing an Agenda for Research
Flórez, I. A., Schulenberg, S. E., & Stewart, T. L. (2016) · Logotherapy and existential analysis: proceedings of the Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29424-7_11 · Cited by 9
The language of threat: Linguistic perceptions and intergroup relations
Medeiros, M., Fournier, P., & Benet‐Martínez, V. (2016) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/s41269-016-0023-z · Cited by 8
박상희, & Glaser, J. (2011) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2011.25.4.007 · Cited by 7
Could stereotype rebound affect aid advertising campaigns?
Kennedy, S., & Hill, S. (2008) · International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.337 · Cited by 6
Whites’ Interpersonal Interactions Shape, and Are Shaped by, Implicit Prejudice
Sinclair, S. A., Kenrick, A. C., & Jacoby-Senghor, D. S. (2014) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732214549959 · Cited by 6
Can singular examples change implicit attitudes in the real-world?
Roos, L. E., Lebrecht, S., Tanaka, J. W., & Tarr, M. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00594 · Cited by 7
Frantz, N. B., Pears, E. S., Vaughn, E. D., Ferrell, J. Z., & Dudley, N. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29989-1_15 · Cited by 5
I—Tamar Szabó Gendler: The Third Horse: On Unendorsed Association and Human Behaviour
Gendler, T. S. (2014) · Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8349.2014.00239.x · Cited by 7
What does racial ascription have to do with perception of Swedishness?
Törngren, S. O., & Nyström, M. (2024) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.13237 · Cited by 6
Reducing Interpersonal Discrimination for Pregnant Job Applicants Seeking Professional Jobs
Walker, S. S., & Morgan, W. (2019) · Personnel Assessment and Decisions · doi:10.25035/pad.2019.02.005 · Cited by 6
Bachrach, D. G., Patel, P. C., & Pratto, F. (2022) · Business & Society · doi:10.1177/00076503221121823 · Cited by 6
Social-psychological evidence for the effective updating of implicit attitudes.
Mann, T. C., Cone, J., & Ferguson, M. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14000223 · Cited by 7
Ghorbani, M., & Xuan, L. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10061986 · Cited by 5
Dynamiczna Teoria Postaw. O relacji postaw jawnych i utajonych
Maliszewski, N. (2011) · Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego eBooks · doi:10.31338/uw.9788323530381 · Cited by 6
Weinland, K. (2023) · Oklahoma State University Libraries eBooks · doi:10.22488/okstate.23.000006 · Cited by 6
Comparing person and people perception: Multiple group members do not increase stereotype priming
Persson, L. M., Golubickis, M., Dublas, D., Mastnak, N., Falbén, J. K., Tsamadi, D., Caughey, S., Svensson, S. L., & Macrae, C. N. (2021) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218211012852 · Cited by 8
Dizer «não» aos estereótipos sociais: As ironias do controlo mental
Bernardes, D. L. G. (2012) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.13 · Cited by 6
Reducing Implicit PrejudicePreprint
Lai, C. K., Nosek, B. A., & Hoffman, K. M. (2017) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7qmjc · Cited by 6
Wearing a “Mask at Work:” The Performativity of Female Leadership in Contemporary Organizations
Round, H., McKay, J., & Singer, M. (2025) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.70004 · Cited by 5
Cate, I. P.-T., Krolak‐Schwerdt, S., Glock, S., & Markova, M. (2014) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6209-536-6_4 · Cited by 5
Pierce, K., Englebrecht, T. D., & Chiang, W. (2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1475-1488(2013)0000016013 · Cited by 5
Fachter, S., Schiavo, G., Snider, K. L. G., Cappelletti, A., Stock, O., Weiss, P. L., Zancanaro, M., & Canetti, D. (2021) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101723 · Cited by 5
Ryan, A. M., & Powers, C. L. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199732579.013.0035 · Cited by 6
Are Swedes really racially color-blind? Examination of racial ascription and degree of Swedishness
Törngren, S. O., & Nyström, M. (2022) · doi:10.24834/isbn.9789178772735 · Cited by 6
Kurdi, B., Morehouse, K. N., & Dunham, Y. C. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/z2k6j · Cited by 5
Epistemic justice and experiential self
Hari Narayanan, V. (2023) · Mind & Society · doi:10.1007/s11299-023-00297-z · Cited by 4
Field Experiments: Correspondence Studies
Bertrand, M., & Duflo, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-4166-5_16 · Cited by 8
Rougier, M., & Houwer, J. D. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3017 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J. F., Moll, J., Hermsen, S., & Russin, A.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2000
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 871-888
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2118495647
- Cited by
- 553
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 50.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh048721-08)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 48721)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- stereotype activation, racial stereotypes, Stroop task, practice effects
- MeSH terms
- Attitude, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Random Allocation, Social Perception, Stereotyping
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review