Cited by 663Resilience and Mental HealthStudent Stress and CopingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 90 of the 91 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Coping through emotional approach: Scale construction and validation

Stanton, Annette L., Kirk, Sarah B., Cameron, Christine L., Danoff-Burg, Sharon·2000·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1150

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Four studies demonstrate the psychometric adequacy and validity of scales designed to assess coping through emotional approach. In separate undergraduate samples, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of dispositional (Study 1) and situational (Study 3) coping item sets yielded 2 distinct emotional approach coping factors: emotional processing (i.e., active attempts to acknowledge and understand emotions) and emotional expression. The 2 scales yielded high internal consistency and test-retest reliability, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. A study (Study 2) of young adults and their parents established the scales' interjudge reliabilities. Longitudinal (Study 3) and experimental (Study 4) research supported the predictive validity of the emotional approach coping scales with regard to adjustment to stressful encounters. Findings highlight the utility of functionalist theories of emotion as applied to coping theory.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1150

Cites

90 of 90 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,647
The satisfaction with life scale
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 · Cited by 31,768
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
Untitled work
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,507
Cognitive Therapy for Depression
(2012) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e675542012-001 · Cited by 9,678
Untitled work
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396
If it changes it must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.150 · Cited by 4,845
Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology.
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671
EMOTION REGULATION: A THEME IN SEARCH OF DEFINITION
Thompson, R. A. (1994) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01276.x · Cited by 4,227
Book Review: Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications
Rigdon, E. E., & Hoyle, R. H. (1997) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151904 · Cited by 4,088
The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope.
Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570 · Cited by 3,774
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Wright, B. R. E., Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2000) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654424 · Cited by 3,327
A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115 · Cited by 3,276
Models of the self: self-construals and gender.
Cross, S., & Madson, L. (1997) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.5 · Cited by 2,851
The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions.
Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (1994) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 2,839
EFFECT OF PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT ON SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC BREAST CANCER
Spiegel, D., Kraemer, H., Bloom, J., & Gottheil, E. (1989) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91551-1 · Cited by 2,353
Multidimensional assessment of coping: a critical evaluation
Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.844 · Cited by 2,237 · cited 1×
“Finally, 13 items from other published emotion-focused coping scales (Carver et al., 1989; Endler & Parker, 1990a; Moos, 1988; Tobin et al., 1984) found by Stanton et al. (1994) to be contaminated with distress or self-deprecatory content (e.g., "I get angry and really blow up") were included.”
Background
Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.95 · Cited by 1,834
The Electrodermal System
Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M., Filion, D. L., & Berntson, G. G. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396.007 · Cited by 1,776
Short, homogeneous versions of the Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale
Strahan, R. F., & Gerbasi, K. C. (1972) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(197204)28:2 · Cited by 1,657
Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects
Goldberger, L., & Breznitz, S. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,597
Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior.
Gross, J. J., & LEVENSON, R. W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.6.970 · Cited by 1,386
Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables.
Smyth, J. M. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.1.174 · Cited by 1,290
Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists.
Scheier, M. F., Weintraub, J. K., & Carver, C. S. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1257 · Cited by 1,252
Handbook Of Mental Control
Wegner, D. M., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1992) · Cited by 1,231
Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(87)90023-7 · Cited by 1,172
Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: two construals of meaning.
Davis, C. G., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.561 · Cited by 1,168
Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression.
Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.877 · Cited by 1,157
The Foundations of Factor Analysis.
Sheth, J. N., & Mulaik, S. A. (1975) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2285414 · Cited by 977
Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement
Pennebaker, J. W., Mayne, T. J., & Francis, M. E. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.863 · Cited by 970
The hierarchical factor structure of the coping strategies inventory
Tobin, D. L., Holroyd, K. A., Reynolds, R. V. C., & Wigal, J. K. (1989) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173478 · Cited by 953
Coping: The Psychology of What Works
Snyder, C. R. (1999) · Cited by 865
Group Support for Patients With Metastatic Cancer: A Randomized Prospective Outcome Study
Spiegel, D. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780300039004 · Cited by 862
International review of studies on emotion
Strongman, K. T. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 859
Emotionally expressive coping predicts psychological and physical adjustment to breast cancer
Stanton, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S., Cameron, C. L., Bishop, M., Collins, C. A., Kirk, S. B., Sworowski, L. A., & Twillman, R. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.5.875 · Cited by 800
Self-citation
Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates.
King, L. A., & Emmons, R. A. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.58.5.864 · Cited by 785
Principles of psychophysiology : physical, social, and inferential elements
Cacioppo, J. T., & Tassinary, L. G. (1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 780
Confession, Inhibition, and Disease
Pennebaker, J. W. (1989) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60309-3 · Cited by 760
Parents' Reactions to Children's Negative Emotions: Relations to Children's Social Competence and Comforting Behavior
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01854.x · Cited by 752
Affects separable and inseparable: On the hierarchical arrangement of the negative affects.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.3.489 · Cited by 678
Putting stress into words: Health, linguistic, and therapeutic implications
Pennebaker, J. W. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90105-4 · Cited by 672
Handbook of coping : theory, research, applications
Zeidner, M., & Endler, N. S. (1996) · Cited by 661
Stress and coping in the explanation of psychological adjustment among chronically ill adults
Felton, B. J., Revenson, T. A., & Hinrichsen, G. A. (1984) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(84)90158-8 · Cited by 652
Emotional regulation and emotional development
Thompson, R. A. (1991) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01319934 · Cited by 641
Gender and emotion.
Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (1993) · Cited by 565
Metaphors in the history of psychology
Hayward, R. (1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-3562 · Cited by 554
Human change processes: the scientific foundations of psychotherapy
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-6503 · Cited by 544
The Silencing the Self Scale: Schemas of Intimacy Associated With Depression in Women
Jack, D. C., & Dill, D. L. (1992) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1992.tb00242.x · Cited by 514
Untitled work
(1993) · Cited by 494
Gender and Stress
BARNETT, R. C., Biener, L., & Baruch, G. K. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 488
Display Rules for Anger, Sadness, and Pain: It Depends on Who Is Watching
Zeman, J. L., & Garber, J. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01776.x · Cited by 487
Social constraints, intrusive thoughts, and depressive symptoms among bereaved mothers.
Lepore, S. J., Silver, R. C., Wortman, C. B., & Wayment, H. A. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.70.2.271 · Cited by 461
A FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE ON THE NATURE OF EMOTION
Campos, J. J., Mumme, D. L., Kermoian, R., & Campos, R. G. (2008) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01289.x · Cited by 447
Affect intensity and reactions to daily life events.
Larsen, R. J., Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.803 · Cited by 444
Correlates of social support receipt.
Dunkel‐Schetter, C., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.53.1.71 · Cited by 429
Coping through emotional approach: Problems of conceptualizaton and confounding.
Stanton, A. L., Danoff‐Burg, S., Cameron, C. L., & Ellis, A. P. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.66.2.350 · Cited by 423
Self-citation
Family socialization of emotional expression and nonverbal communication styles and skills.
Halberstadt, A. G. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.4.827 · Cited by 369
Coping intelligently: Emotional intelligence and the coping process
Salovey, P., Bedell, B. T., Detweiler, J. B., & Mayer, J. D. (1999) · University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester) · Cited by 336
13. Gender Differences in the Social Moderators of Stress
Belle, D. E. (1991) · Columbia University Press eBooks · doi:10.7312/mona92982-021 · Cited by 327
Emotion in psychotherapy: Affect, cognition, and the process of change.
Greenberg, L. S., & Safran, J. D. (1987) · Cited by 324
Gender Differences in Motives for Regulating Emotions
Timmers, M., Fischer, A. H., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298249005 · Cited by 317
Gender and Emotion: Beyond Stereotypes
Brody, L. R. (1997) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1997.tb02448.x · Cited by 317
The suppression of exciting thoughts.
Wegner, D. M., Shortt, J. W., Blake, A. W., & Page, M. S. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.58.3.409 · Cited by 302
The Mismeasure of Coping by Checklist
Coyne, J. C., & Gottlieb, B. H. (1996) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00950.x · Cited by 279
Coping with Chronic Stress
Gottlieb, B. H. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9862-3 · Cited by 275
Emotional competence: how emotions and relationships become integrated.
Saarni, C. I. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 272
Emotions are functional, most of the time
Frijda, N. H. (1994) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 270
Gender, emotion, and the family
Brody, L. R. (1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-2450 · Cited by 258
Adjustment to a low-control situation: Reexamining the role of coping responses.
Terry, D. J., & Hynes, G. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.1078 · Cited by 256
Handbook of emotion, adult development, and aging
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-5373 · Cited by 217
The Role of Coping in the Emotions and How Coping Changes over the Life Course
Lazarus, R. S. (1996) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012464995-8/50017-0 · Cited by 202
Effects of suppressing thoughts about emotional material.
Roemer, L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.3.467 · Cited by 196
Approach and avoidance coping responses among older problem and nonproblem drinkers.
Moos, R. H., Brennan, P. L., Fondacaro, M. R., & Moos, B. S. (1990) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.5.1.31 · Cited by 195
Children's Expected Interpersonal Consequences of Communicating Their Affective State and Reported Likelihood of Expression
Fuchs, D. L., & Thelen, M. H. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130494 · Cited by 194
Social-contextual influences on expectancies for managing anger and sadness: The transition from middle childhood to adolescence.
Zeman, J. L., & Shipman, K. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.33.6.917 · Cited by 183
Relations between anger expression and cardiovascular reactivity: Reconciling inconsistent findings through a matching hypothesis
Engebretson, T. O., Matthews, K. A., & Scheier, M. F. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.513 · Cited by 179 · cited 1×
“Additionally, Engebretson , Matthews, and Scheier (1989) found that inducing men to use their preferred (vs. nonpreferred) mode of anger expression led to significant reductions in cardiovascular reactivity.”
Background
Relations between anger expression and cardiovascular reactivity: Reconciling inconsistent findings through a matching hypothesis.
Engebretson, T. O., Matthews, K. A., & Scheier, M. F. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.57.3.513 · Cited by 170
Model conditions for asymptotic robustness in the analysis of linear relations
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/0167-9473(90)90004-2 · Cited by 170
The Gender Heuristic and the Database: Factors Affecting the Perception of Gender-Related Differences in the Experience and Display of Emotions
Robinson, M. D., Johnson, J. T., & Shields, S. A. (1998) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2003_3 · Cited by 164
Polluting the stream of consciousness: The effect of thought suppression on the mind's environment
Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D. J., Knutson, B. D., & McMahon, S. R. (1991) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173204 · Cited by 146
Effect of the number of scale points on chi‐square fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis
Green, S. B., Akey, T. M., Fleming, K., Hershberger, S. L., & Marquis, J. G. (1997) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519709540064 · Cited by 141
Effortful and Involuntary Responses to Stress
Compas, B. E., Connor, J. K., Osowiecki, D. M., & Welch, A. S. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9862-3_4 · Cited by 126
Effects of talking about a stressful event on arousal: Does what we talk about make a difference?
Mendolia, M., & Kleck, R. E. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.2.283 · Cited by 91
Cardiovascular Reactivity and Neuroticism: Results From a Laboratory and Controlled Ambulatory Stress Protocol
Schwebel, D. C., & Suls, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00048 · Cited by 56
Social foundations of mental control
Wegner, D. M., Erber, R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1993) · Cited by 31
Gender differences in adolescents' identity development in the domain of sex role concepts
Werrbach, G. B., Grotevant, H. D., & Cooper, C. R. (1990) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00289225 · Cited by 13
Untitled work
(1993)

Sorted by citations

The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion
NEFF, K. D. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309027 · Cited by 6,436
Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself
NEFF, K. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309032 · Cited by 5,440
Rethinking rumination
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x · Cited by 5,172
TARGET ARTICLE: Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind
Snyder, C. R. (2002) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1304_01 · Cited by 3,737
Coping: Pitfalls and promise
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456 · Cited by 3,485

See all 663

Authors: Stanton, A. L., Kirk, S. B., Cameron, C. L., & Danoff-Burg, S.
Affiliations: University of Kansas (US)
ORCID: Stanton, Annette L.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000-06
Volume: 78
Issue: 6
Pages: 1150-1169
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1150
OpenAlex: W2006042707
Cited by: 663
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 31
FWCI: 14.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: emotional approach coping, coping, scale development, emotional processing, emotional expression, dispositional coping, psychometric validation, stress adjustment, young adults, parents
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Assessment, Problem Solving, Psychometrics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Coping through emotional approach: Scale construction and validation

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks