Cited by 1,297Behavioral Health and InterventionsGrit, Self-Efficacy, and MotivationNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor.

Gailliot, Matthew T., Baumeister, Roy F., DeWall, C. Nathan, Maner, Jon K., Plant, E. Ashby, Tice, Dianne M., Brewer, Lauren E., Schmeichel, Brandon J.·2007·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.325

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Abstract

The present work suggests that self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source. Laboratory tests of self-control (i.e., the Stroop task, thought suppression, emotion regulation, attention control) and of social behaviors (i.e., helping behavior, coping with thoughts of death, stifling prejudice during an interracial interaction) showed that (a) acts of self-control reduced blood glucose levels, (b) low levels of blood glucose after an initial self-control task predicted poor performance on a subsequent self-control task, and (c) initial acts of self-control impaired performance on subsequent self-control tasks, but consuming a glucose drink eliminated these impairments. Self-control requires a certain amount of glucose to operate unimpaired. A single act of self-control causes glucose to drop below optimal levels, thereby impairing subsequent attempts at self-control.

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Authors: Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., Plant, E. A., Tice, D. M., Brewer, L. E., & Schmeichel, B. J.
Affiliations: Florida State University (US)
Texas A&M University (US)
ORCID: Baumeister, Roy F.
DeWall, C. Nathan
Maner, Jon K.
Plant, E. Ashby
Tice, Dianne M.
Brewer, Lauren E.
Schmeichel, Brandon J.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 92
Issue: 2
Pages: 325-336
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.325
OpenAlex: W2146569853
Semantic Scholar: 06145bac99b1596e45a37c17913d624202836e56
Cited by: 1,297
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 95 · 2014: 101 · 2013: 104 · 2012: 102
FWCI: 88.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: self-control, glucose, blood glucose, energy depletion, Stroop task, thought suppression, emotion regulation, attentional control, helping behavior, fear of death, prejudice, interracial interaction, glucose supplementation, cognitive performance
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Attention, Blood Glucose, Emotions, Female, Helping Behavior, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Prejudice, Psychophysiology, Social Control, Informal

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Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor.

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