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Mild head injury in children and adolescents: A review of studies (1970–1995).
Abstract
In this article, the authors provide a comprehensive review of the research of mild head injury in children and adolescents from 1970 to 1995. Because of marked variability in methodologies across studies, a preliminary box-score tally was computed, without regard to studies' scientific or methodological merit. These results revealed 13 adverse, 18 null, and 9 indeterminate findings related to neuropsychological, academic, or psychosocial outcome. When studies were classified based on methodological merit, the stronger studies were generally associated with null outcomes across domains. However, a few of the less stronger neuropsychological studies (5 of 40) reported subthreshold and transitory alterations during the early postinjury period. At the present time, cautious acceptance of the null hypothesis is recommended until more definitive studies are conducted that address the problems raised in this review.
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“This investigation was limited to patients who had at least complicated mild or moderate TBI (as evidenced by the presence of intracranial lesions on neuroimaging), because uncomplicated mild TBI is typically not expected to be associated with significant lasting cognitive impairment in children who do not have compromised psychosocial backgrounds (Ponsford et al., 1999; Satz et al., 1997).”
From Criterion validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition after pediatric traumatic brain injury (2008) · cites this paper as Satz et al., 1997
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Cites
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Greenwald, A. G. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0076157 · Cited by 1,022
Pathobiology of traumatically induced axonal injury in animals and man
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Neurocognitive outcomes and recovery after pediatric TBI: meta-analytic review of the literature
Babikian, T., & Asarnow, R. (2009) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0015268 · Cited by 557
“They have, however, focused on a subsample of this population (e.g., mild injuries [Satz et al., 1997]) or on a specific cognitive domain (e.g., executive function [Levin & Hanten, 2005]).”
Self-citationReading Research for Students with LD
Swanson, H. L. (1999) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949903200605 · Cited by 326
“Although not a synthesis of interventions specifically, Satz et al. (1997) found, in their comprehensive review of children and adolescents with mild head injury, that when compared to control”
BackgroundKirkwood, M. W., Yeates, K. O., & Wilson, P. E. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0994 · Cited by 336
Long-Term Consequences: Effects on Normal Development Profile After Concussion
Daneshvar, D. H., Riley, D., Nowinski, C. J., McKee, A. C., Stern, R. A., & Cantu, R. C. (2011) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2011.08.009 · Cited by 316
The effect of pediatric traumatic brain injury on behavioral outcomes: a systematic review
Li, L., & Liu, J.-H. (2012) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04414.x · Cited by 281
“Studies were rated using a scale modified from Cappa et al.23 and following recommendations by Satz et al.18 Scores (yes=1; no=0) were given for criteria reflecting a study’s design, sample, and measures.”
BackgroundMethodYeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Rusin, J., Bangert, B., Dietrich, A., Nuss, K., Wright, M., Nagin, D. S., & Jones, B. L. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1056 · Cited by 230
Post-concussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injury.
Taylor, H. G., Dietrich, A. M., Nuss, K. E., Wright, M., Rusin, J. A., Bangert, B. A., Minich, N. M., & Yeates, K. O. (2010) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0018112 · Cited by 311
“Regardless of terminology, the presence of brain injury is most often inferred rather than documented and more research is needed to identify the minimum criteria for adverse neurobehavioral consequences (Kibby & Long, 1996; Satz et al., 1997).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLong term psychosocial outcomes after mild head injury in early childhood
McKinlay, A. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.73.3.281 · Cited by 240
Wachs, T. D. (2000) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10344-000 · Cited by 281
Prognosticators of Persistent Symptoms Following Pediatric Concussion
Zemek, R. L., Farion, K. J., Sampson, M., & McGahern, C. (2013) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.216 · Cited by 253
Dimensions of postconcussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injuries
AYR, L. K., Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., & Browne, M. W. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708090188 · Cited by 252
“On one hand, the literature provides little evidence of persistent cognitive deficits resulting from mild TBI, especially in studies that are methodologically rigorous (Asarnow et al., 1995; Carroll et al., 2004; Satz, 2001; Satz et al., 1997).”
Kirkwood, M. W., Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., RANDOLPH, C. C., McCrea, M., & Anderson, V. A. (2008) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040701543700 · Cited by 265
“Well-controlled pediatric studies using standardized neuropsychological and academic achievement tests indicate that cognitive or achievement deficits are generally not identifiable by 2–3 months post-injury (Carroll et al., 2004b; Satz, 2001; Satz et al., 1997).”
Levin, H. S., Hanten, G., Roberson, G., Li, X., Ewing-Cobbs, L., Dennis, M., Chapman, S., Max, J. E., Hunter, J., Schachar, R., et al. (2008) · Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics · doi:10.3171/ped/2008/1/6/461 · Cited by 201
Yeates, K. O., Kaizar, E. E., Rusin, J. A., Bangert, B. A., Dietrich, A. M., Nuss, K. E., Wright, M., & Taylor, H. G. (2012) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.1082 · Cited by 233
Postconcussive symptoms in children with mild closed head injuries.
Yeates, K., Luria, J. W., Bartkowski, H., Rusin, J., Martin, L. J., & Bigler, E. (1999) · The journal of head trauma rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-199908000-00003 · Cited by 183
Fay‐McClymont, T. B., Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Bangert, B. A., Dietrich, A. M., Nuss, K. E., Rusin, J. A., & Wright, M. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617709991007 · Cited by 223
“Because research has demonstrated that most PCS that occur after mild TBI tend to resolve by about 3 months post injury (Satz et al., 1997 ; Yeates et al., 2005 ), we also expected group differences in PCS to be more pronounced earlier in time, and hence to fi nd more evidence of moderation at…”
InfluentialMild traumatic brain injury and postconcussive symptoms in children and adolescents
YEATES, K. O. (2010) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617710000986 · Cited by 180
“Research is needed to identify both injury and non-injury related factors that predict persistent postconcussive symptoms in children and adolescents (Satz, 2001 ; Yeates & Taylor, 2005 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialBabikian, T., Satz, P., Zaucha, K., Light, R. K., Lewis, R. S., & Asarnow, R. F. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711000907 · Cited by 239
Self-citationHessen, E., Nestvold, K., & Anderson, V. A. (2007) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050701528454 · Cited by 162
“[23] reported on a comprehensive review of studies (1970–1995) of mTBI.”
BackgroundBarlow, K. M. (2014) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073814543305 · Cited by 176
“Satz et al found no adverse effects on academic-psychosocial outcome across the spectrum of mild traumatic brain injury in a comprehensive systematic review.(113) Most children with uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury do well.”
BackgroundSubject Review: Recovery from mild head injury
Bernstein, D. M. (1999) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/026990599121683 · Cited by 130
Intellectual Outcome from Preschool Traumatic Brain Injury: A 5-Year Prospective, Longitudinal Study
Anderson, V., Catroppa, C., Morse, S. A., Haritou, F., & Rosenfeld, J. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0365 · Cited by 134
Outcome From Mild Head Injury in Young Children: A Prospective Study
Anderson, V., Catroppa, C., Morse, S. A., Haritou, F., & Rosenfeld, J. (2001) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.23.6.705.1015 · Cited by 131
“The present study aimed to extend the ®ndings of previous research by investigating the outcome from mild HI in young children, keeping in mind the minimal criteria described by Satz et al. (1997).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNeurobehavioural outcomes of mild head injury in children and adolescents
Yeates, K. O., & Taylor, H. G. (2005) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/13638490400011199 · Cited by 168
“On the one hand, the literature provides little evidence of persistent cognitive deficits resulting from mild CHI, especially in studies that are methodologically rigorous [11].”
BackgroundInfluentialTraumatic brain injury in young children: Postacute effects on cognitive and school readiness skills
Taylor, H. G., Swartwout, M. D., Yeates, K. O., Walz, N. C., Stancin, T., & Wade, S. L. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708081150 · Cited by 123
DENNIS, M., GUGER, S., RONCADIN, C., BARNES, M., & SCHACHAR, R. (2001) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617701766040 · Cited by 121
“Vigilance was correlated with parent ratings of attentional–inhibitory control for children with mild CHI, which suggests that parents may be more aware of attentional–inhibitory control deficits in children with mild CHI than in those with more severe injuries (although few consistent cognitive impairments are report…”
BackgroundPsychiatric illness after mild traumatic brain injury in children.
Massagli, T. L., Fann, J., Burington, B., Jaffe, K., Katon, W., & Thompson, R. S. (2004) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2003.12.036 · Cited by 121
Academic Dysfunction After a Concussion Among US High School and College Students.
Wasserman, E., Bazarian, J., Mapstone, M., Block, R., & van Wijngaarden, E. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303154 · Cited by 115
Kirkwood, M. W., & Kirk, J. W. (2010) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040903527287 · Cited by 100
“Methodologically rigorous studies indicate that by 2 to 3 months post-injury, and often much sooner, deficits are no longer apparent when measured by performance-based neurocognitive or academic tests (Carroll et al, 2004 ; Satz, 2001 ; Satz et al, 1997 ).”
Barlow, K., Crawford, S., Brooks, B., Turley, B., & Mikrogianakis, A. (2015) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.04.011 · Cited by 112
“My Child Doesn't Have a Brain Injury, He Only Has a Concussion”
DeMatteo, C., Hanna, S. E., Mahoney, W., Hollenberg, R., Scott, L., Law, M., Newman, A., Lin, C.-Y. A., & Xu, L.-Q. (2010) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2720 · Cited by 112
McKinlay, A., Bishop, A., & Mclellan, T. (2011) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2011.579935 · Cited by 104
Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Rusin, J. A., Bangert, B. A., Dietrich, A. M., Nuss, K. E., & Wright, M. (2011) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.05.008 · Cited by 161
“although the symptoms can occur in the absence of objective evidence of brain injury such as abnormal neuroimaging findings or deficits on standardized cognitive testing (Asarnow et al., 1995; Bijur and Haslum, 1995; Satz, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialCatale, C., Marique, P., Closset, A., & Meulemans, T. (2009) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390802134616 · Cited by 101
“As mentioned, this study was designed in accordance with the general methodological criteria advised by Satz et al. (1997).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHajek, C. A., Yeates, K., Taylor, H., Bangert, B., Dietrich, A., Nuss, K., Rusin, J., & Wright, M. (2010) · Child Neuropsychology: A Journal of Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence · doi:10.1080/09297049.2010.495058 · Cited by 92
Yeates, K., Taylor, H., Barry, C. T., Drotar, D., Wade, S. L., & Stancin, T. (2001) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/26.2.79 · Cited by 88
McKinlay, A., Kyonka, E. G. E., Grace, R. C., Horwood, L. J., Fergusson, D. M., & MacFarlane, M. R. (2010) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2009.022483 · Cited by 76
Kirkwood, M. W., Yeates, K. O., Randolph, C., & Kirk, J. W. (2012) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0024628 · Cited by 75
Acute Concussion Symptom Severity and Delayed Symptom Resolution
Grubenhoff, J. A., Deakyne, S., Brou, L. I., Bajaj, L., Comstock, R., & Kirkwood, M. W. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2988 · Cited by 78
Mild traumatic brain injury and executive functions in school-aged children
Maillard, A. M., Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Rusin, J. A., Bangert, B. A., Dietrich, A. M., Nuss, K. E., & Wright, M. (2009) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518420903087251 · Cited by 136
“Reviews of the literature [4,7] find little evidence for long-term adverse cognitive outcomes.”
Working Memory After Mild, Moderate, or Severe Childhood Closed Head Injury
Roncadin, C., Guger, S. L., Archibald, J., Barnes, M., & Dennis, M. (2004) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2004.9651920 · Cited by 76
Mild closed-head injury in children and adolescents: behavior problems and academic outcomes.
Light, R., Asarnow, R. F., Satz, P., Zaucha, K., McCleary, C., & Lewis, R. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.6.1023 · Cited by 73
Self-citationLong-Term Consequences of Severe Closed Head Injury on Episodic Memory
Zec, R. F., Zellers, D., Belman, J., Miller, J. G., Matthews, J. R., Ferneau-Belman, D., & ROBBS, R. S. (2001) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.23.5.671.1247 · Cited by 73
“A variety of factors associated with cognitive dysfunction, including attention de®cit disorder, substance abuse and prior head injury, are also risk factors for head injury (Klonoff, 1971; Satz et al., 1997, 1999).”
BackgroundConcussion: A Global Perspective.
Kam, L.-H., Leung, A., & Torres, A. R. (2019) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2019.03.017 · Cited by 71
Persistent neurobehavioral problems following mild traumatic brain injury.
Hartlage, L., Durant-Wilson, D., & Patch, P. C. (2001) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(00)00067-6 · Cited by 71
Controversies and outcomes associated with mild traumatic brain injury in childhood and adolescences
McKinlay, A. (2009) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.01006.x · Cited by 76
Woodrome, S. E., Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Rusin, J. A., Bangert, B. A., Dietrich, A. M., Nuss, K. E., & Wright, M. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617710001700 · Cited by 124
Mild traumatic brain injury induces prolonged visual processing deficits in children
Brosseau-Lachaine, O., Gagnon, I. J., Forget, R., & Faubert, J. (2008) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050802203353 · Cited by 68
“Indeed, studies investigating the consequences of mTBI have mostly concentrated on investigating cognitive functioning and generally report impaired information processing speed, working memory, attention, memory and executive functions [13–15].”
Predictors of Post-concussive Symptoms in Young Children: InjuryversusNon-injury Related Factors
Bernard, C. O., Ponsford, J., McKinlay, A., McKenzie, D. P., & Krieser, D. (2016) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617716000709 · Cited by 67
“The inclusion of an injury-control comparison group is now recognized as an important methodological control for the effects of general trauma and pre-morbid behavioral differences (Satz et al., 1997).”
BackgroundResultLloyd, J. L. E., Wilson, M. L., Tenovuo, O. S., & Saarijãrvi, S. (2015) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.1002003 · Cited by 67
“[11] conducted a systematic review of the current research on mild head injury in children and adolescents from 1970–1995.”
BackgroundInfluentialDONDERS, J., & JANKE, K. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708080752 · Cited by 63
“This investigation was limited to patients who had at least complicated mild or moderate TBI (as evidenced by the presence of intracranial lesions on neuroimaging), because uncomplicated mild TBI is typically not expected to be associated with significant lasting cognitive impairment in children who do not have compro…”
BackgroundHajek, C. A., Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Bangert, B. A., Dietrich, A. M., Nuss, K. E., Rusin, J. A., & Wright, M. (2010) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699050903508226 · Cited by 60
“[2], which in some cases persist for months post”
Max, J. E., Pardo, D., Hanten, G. R., Schachar, R. J., Saunders, A. E., Ewing‐Cobbs, L., Chapman, S. B., Dennis, M., Wilde, E. A., Bigler, E. D., et al. (2013) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12040078 · Cited by 62
Postconcussive Symptom Exaggeration After Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Kirkwood, M. W., Peterson, R. L., Connery, A. K., Baker, D. A., & Grubenhoff, J. A. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3195 · Cited by 108
Krivitzky, L. S., Roebuck‐Spencer, T., Roth, R. M., Blackstone, K., Johnson, C. P., & Gioia, G. A. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711001226 · Cited by 66
“Cognitive changes typically include problems in attention, speed of processing, working memory, and response inhibition (Babikian & Asarnow, 2009; Levin et al., 2002; Satz et al.,1997).”
BackgroundWells, R., Minnes, P., & Phillips, M. (2009) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518420902773109 · Cited by 59
“Findings from the present study also support the idea that outcomes are not merely the product of the severity of the primary physical injury itself, but that additional factors play a role in determining long-term functional outcomes [4, 13].”
MethodResultMcNally, K. A., Patrick, K. E., LaFleur, J. E., Dykstra, J. B., Monahan, K., & Hoskinson, K. R. (2017) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2017.1280143 · Cited by 60
“In most cases, these symptoms resolve quickly (Peloso et al., 2004; Satz et al., 1997; Yeates et al., 2009) and wellcontrolled studies do not provide evidence of objective cognitive impairment beyond”
BackgroundYang, Z., Yeo, R. A., Peña, A., Ling, J. M., Klimaj, S. D., Campbell, R. A., Doezema, D., & Mayer, A. R. (2012) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2012.2395 · Cited by 53
Attention and memory training in children with acquired brain injuries
Hooft, I. V., Andersson, K., Sejersen, T., Bartfai, A., & von Wendt, L. V. (2003) · Acta paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00627.x · Cited by 56
Moore, D. R., Pindus, D. M., Raine, L. B., Drollette, E. S., Scudder, M. R., Ellemberg, D., & Hillman, C. H. (2016) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.11.010 · Cited by 56
“It should be noted that the current results are in contrast to longitudinal clinical trials (Jaffe et al., 1993; Satz et al., 1997; Yeates and Taylor, 2005), which found relatively good outcomes following pediatric concussions of non-sport or mixed etiologies.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStephens, R., Rutherford, A., Potter, D. D., & Fernie, G. (2005) · Child Neuropsychology: A Journal of Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence · doi:10.1080/092970490959629 · Cited by 55
“Moreover, in reviewing the literature on pediatric mild head injury, Satz et al. (1997) concluded that the methodologically stronger studies reviewed were generally associated with absence of neuropsychological effects, but that some transitory, early postinjury effects were present in several less methodologically so…”
BackgroundSinopoli, K. J., Chen, J., Wells, G. D., Fait, P. E., Ptito, A., Taha, T., & Keightley, M. (2014) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3326 · Cited by 57
Behavioral consequences of mild traumatic brain injury in preschoolers
Gagner, C., Landry-Roy, C., Bernier, A., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003221 · Cited by 57
“Our findings also contrast somewhat with the idea that mTBI is associated with adequate psychosocial outcome with only a few children suffering negative consequences (Satz et al. 1997; Carroll et al. 2004; Babikian & Asarnow, 2009).”
ResultMax, J. E., Schachar, R. J., Landis, J., Bigler, E. D., Wilde, E. A., Saunders, A. E., Ewing‐Cobbs, L., Chapman, S. B., Dennis, M., Hanten, G. R., et al. (2013) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12010011 · Cited by 53
Dennis, M., & Barnes, M. (2001) · The journal of head trauma rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200110000-00005 · Cited by 53
Controversies in the Sequelae of Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Lee, L. (2007) · Pediatric emergency care · doi:10.1097/01.pec.0000280526.38677.fc · Cited by 52
“There is the theoretical concern that children may be more vulnerable to the effects of head injury because they are still developing their cognitive abilities.(2) An opposing argument is that the plasticity of the developing brain may enable a child’s brain to have a dramatic recovery of function after a traumatic in…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPsychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents 24 Months After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Max, J. E., Friedman, K., Wilde, E. A., Bigler, E. D., Hanten, G. R., Schachar, R. J., Saunders, A. E., Dennis, M., Ewing‐Cobbs, L., Chapman, S. B., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13080190 · Cited by 53
Postconcussive Symptoms and Neurocognitive Function After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Children
Sroufe, N. S., Fuller, D. S., West, B. T., Singal, B. M., Warschausky, S. A., & Maio, R. F. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2364 · Cited by 55
Pediatric Minor Closed Head Injury
Thiessen, M. L., & Woolridge, D. P. (2006) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2005.09.004 · Cited by 49
“Satz and colleagues [57] performed a review of 40 outcome studies between 1970 and pediatric minor closed head injury 15”
BackgroundCommunity versus orthopaedic controls in traumatic brain injury research: How comparable are they?
Mathias, J. L., Dennington, V., Bowden, S. C., & Bigler, E. D. (2013) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2013.793398 · Cited by 66
Chadwick, L., Roth, E., Minich, N. M., Taylor, H. G., Bigler, E. D., Cohen, D. M., Bacevice, A., Mihalov, L. K., Bangert, B. A., Zumberge, N. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2020.7513 · Cited by 53
“2,6,7 None-theless, in some studies, children and adolescents with mild TBI exhibit cognitive weaknesses after mild TBI.”
Hessen, E., Nestvold, K., & Sundet, K. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2006.00514.x · Cited by 48
Teasdale, T., & Engberg, A. (2003) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.7.933 · Cited by 48
Porteus maze performance following traumatic brain injury in children.
Levin, H. S., Song, J., Ewing‐Cobbs, L., & Roberson, G. (2001) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.15.4.557 · Cited by 48
Marschark, M. C., Richtsmeier, L. M., Richardson, J. T. E., Crovitz, H. F., & Henry, J. (2000) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200012000-00004 · Cited by 51
Memory functioning in children with traumatic brain injuries: a TOMAL validity study
Lowther, J. (2003) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(02)00222-6 · Cited by 44
When Injury Clouds Understanding of Others: Theory of Mind after Mild TBI in Preschool Children
Bellerose, J., Bernier, A., Beaudoin, C., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. (2015) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617715000569 · Cited by 43
“Importantly, Hessen, Nestvold, and Anderson (2007) and Hessen, Nestvold, and Sundet (2006) suggest that even children with mTBI are at increased risk for chronicity of neuropsychological impairment and that outcomes may vary depending on the severity of symptoms (Satz et al., 1997).”
BackgroundPrinciples for return to learn after concussion
Baker, J., Rieger, B., McAvoy, K., Leddy, J., Master, C. L., Lana, S. J., & Willer, B. (2014) · International journal of clinical practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12517 · Cited by 43
Predictors of Neuropsychological Outcome After Pediatric Concussion
Beauchamp, M., Aglipay, M., Yeates, K., Désiré, N., Keightley, M., Anderson, P., Brooks, B., Barrowman, N., Gravel, J., Boutis, K., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000419 · Cited by 42
The validity of post-concussion syndrome in children: a controlled historical cohort study.
Nacajauskaite, O., Endzinienė, M., Jurėnienė, K., & Schrader, H. (2006) · Brain & development (Tokyo. 1979) · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.02.010 · Cited by 40
“(6) The inclusion of at least 20 children with mild head injury [44,45].”
BackgroundKnowledge-based inferencing after childhood head injury.
Barnes, M., & Dennis, M. (2001) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2385 · Cited by 40
Knowing What We Don’t Know: Long-Term Psychiatric Outcomes following Adult Concussion in Sports
Finkbeiner, N. W. B., Max, J. E., Longman, R. S., & Debert, C. T. (2016) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716644953 · Cited by 45
Visuomotor Response Time in Children With a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Gagnon, I. J., SWAINE, B. R., Friedman, D., & Forget, R. (2004) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200409000-00004 · Cited by 38
Current controversies in the management of minor pediatric head injuries.
Savitsky, E., & Votey, S. (2000) · American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0735-6757(00)90060-3 · Cited by 38
Araujo, G., Antonini, T. N., Monahan, K., Gelfius, C. D., Klamar, K., Potts, M., Yeates, K., & Bodin, D. (2014) · Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2014.896415 · Cited by 36
“In the majority of children, post-concussion symptoms resolve within a few months or less (Babikian & Asarnow, 2009; Carroll et al., 2004; Iverson, Zasler, & Lange, 2007; Satz, 2001; Satz et al., 1997).”
BackgroundSex differences in the long-term neuropsychological outcome of mild traumatic brain injury
Tsushima, W. T., Lum, M. A., & Geling, O. (2009) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050903200530 · Cited by 37
The Epidemiology of Soccer Heading in Competitive Youth Players
Salinas, C., Webbe, F., & Devore, T. T. (2009) · doi:10.1123/jcsp.3.1.15 · Cited by 35
Petersen, C., Scherwath, A., Fink, J., & Koch, U. (2008) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050801935245 · Cited by 35
Indicators of complicated mild TBI predict MMPI-2 scores after 23 years
Hessen, E., & Nestvold, K. (2009) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050902748349 · Cited by 32
“A comprehensive review of studies (1970–1995) of paediatric mTBI [24] found no adverse effects on academic-psychosocial outcome across the spectrum of mild TBI.”
BackgroundMMPI-2 profiles 23 years after paediatric mild traumatic brain injury
Hessen, E., Anderson, V., & Nestvold, K. (2008) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050701846179 · Cited by 31
“[22] found no adverse effects on academic–psychosocial outcome across the spectrum of mild TBI.”
BackgroundLevin, H., Song, J. X., Scheibel, R., Fletcher, J., Harward, H., & Chapman, S. (2000) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/1380-3395(200002)22:1;1-8;ft001 · Cited by 31
“Epidemiologic (Bijur, Haslum, & Golding, 1990) and neuropsychological (Satz et al., 1997) studies have demonstrated no long-term cognitive deficit in children following mild CHI.”
BackgroundResultDelineating Communication Impairments Associated With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Report
Whelan, B., Murdoch, B., & Bellamy, N. (2007) · The journal of head trauma rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.htr.0000271120.04405.db · Cited by 30
“The aims of this research were to (1) profile the language abilities of a case with mTBI utilizing a comprehensive linguistic assessment battery; (2) highlight cognitive-linguistic domains that may be sensitive to mild brain trauma; and (3) potentially expand working theories of “postconcussion” syndrome to include co…”
BackgroundRecovery from mild head injury in pediatric populations
Thompson, M. D., & Irby, J. W. (2003) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1071-9091(03)00021-4 · Cited by 27
Inhibitory control differences following mild head injury.
Stewart, J. L., & Tannock, R. (1999) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.1999.1141 · Cited by 30
Studer, M., Simonetti, B. G., Joeris, A., Margelisch, K., Steinlin, M., Roebers, C., & Heinks, T. (2014) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617714000927 · Cited by 29
“Even though this assumption is supported by meta-analyses and reviews, there is a high variability within outcome studies after mTBI (Babikian & Asarnow, 2009; Carroll et al., 2004; Satz et al., 1997).”
ResultAcute post-concussive symptoms in young children
Bernard, C. O., McKinlay, A., Krieser, D., Testa, R., & Ponsford, J. L. (2017) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2017.1350999 · Cited by 26
“Inclusion of a TC group is essential to tease out the effects of mTBI from other pre-existing or non-injury factors [23,24].”
BackgroundMelchers, P., Maluck, A., Suhr, L., Scholten, S., & Lehmkuhl, G. (1999) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-1999-00080 · Cited by 28
“Other authors pinpoint the importance of sequelae even after mild head injury [9].”
Beauchamp, M. H., Landry-Roy, C., Gravel, J., Beaudoin, C., & Bernier, A. (2017) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4868 · Cited by 28
“16 Alternately, it has also been suggested that difficulties, or more protracted recovery periods following mTBI, may simply reflect the presence of problems that pre-date injury.”
Winkler, R., & Taylor, N. F. (2015) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000114 · Cited by 23
Hayman-Abello, S. E., Rourke, B., & Fuerst, D. (2003) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617703960097 · Cited by 27
“This type of referral bias is thought to risk an overrepresentation of pathology (Satz et al., 1997), but the prevalence estimates generated in the current study are generally equal to, or lower than, those obtained in recent research.”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Satz, P., Zaucha, K., McCleary, C., Light, R., Asarnow, R., & Becker, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1997
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 107-131
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2039083624
- Cited by
- 245
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P50NS030308, R01 NS26801, P50 NS30308-02, R01NS026801)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Keywords
- mild traumatic brain injury, concussion, children, adolescents, neuropsychological outcomes, educational outcomes, psychosocial outcomes, methodological quality, null hypothesis
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adolescent, Brain Damage, Chronic, Child, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Social Adjustment, Head Injuries, Closed
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