Cited by 3,723Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsGender Roles and Identity StudiesPersonality Traits and Psychology

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Gender differences in risk taking: a meta-analysis

Byrnes, James P., Miller, David C., Schafer, William D.·1999·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367

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Abstract

The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 150 studies in which the risk-taking tendencies of male and female participants were compared. Studies were coded with respect to type of task (e.g., self-reported behaviors vs. observed behaviors), task content (e.g., smoking vs. sex), and 5 age levels. Results showed that the average effects for 14 out of 16 types of risk taking were significantly larger than 0 (indicating greater risk taking in male participants) and that nearly half of the effects were greater than .20. However, certain topics (e.g., intellectual risk taking and physical skills) produced larger gender differences than others (e.g., smoking). In addition, the authors found that (a) there were significant shifts in the size of the gender gap between successive age levels, and (b) the gender gap seems to be growing smaller over time. The discussion focuses on the meaning of the results for theories of risk taking and the need for additional studies to clarify age trends.

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Authors: Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, College Park (US)
ORCID: Byrnes, James P.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1999-05
Volume: 125
Issue: 3
Pages: 367-383
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367
OpenAlex: W2026217192
Cited by: 3,723
References: 173
Citations by year: 2026: 137 · 2025: 210 · 2024: 227 · 2023: 231 · 2022: 215 · 2021: 287 · 2020: 275 · 2019: 261 · 2018: 216 · 2017: 202 · 2016: 194 · 2015: 169 · 2014: 192 · 2013: 151 · 2012: 126
FWCI: 6.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: gender differences, risk-taking, sex differences, age trends, intellectual risk-taking, physical skills, smoking, self-reported behavior, observed behavior

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Gender differences in risk taking: a meta-analysis

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