The DOI matches its Crossref record; 172 of the 173 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender differences in risk taking: a meta-analysis
Abstract
The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 150 studies in which the risk-taking tendencies of male and female participants were compared. Studies were coded with respect to type of task (e.g., self-reported behaviors vs. observed behaviors), task content (e.g., smoking vs. sex), and 5 age levels. Results showed that the average effects for 14 out of 16 types of risk taking were significantly larger than 0 (indicating greater risk taking in male participants) and that nearly half of the effects were greater than .20. However, certain topics (e.g., intellectual risk taking and physical skills) produced larger gender differences than others (e.g., smoking). In addition, the authors found that (a) there were significant shifts in the size of the gender gap between successive age levels, and (b) the gender gap seems to be growing smaller over time. The discussion focuses on the meaning of the results for theories of risk taking and the need for additional studies to clarify age trends.
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“Later, several studies pointed out the greater risk-taking tendency of male teenagers [43,44] , which is attributed to more than two times fatal crash rates than their counterparts [45] .”
From Understanding the potential key risk factors associated with teen driver crashes in the United States: A literature review (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Another relevant difference is that women are typically found to be more risk-averse than men (for reviews of the literature, see Byrnes et al., 1999; Croson & Gneezy, 2009; Eckel & Grossman, 2008).”
From Talking the talk, not walking the walk: The coevolution of overconfidence and loss aversion (2026) · cites this paper as Byrnes et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“In addition, sexual competition takes different forms in males and females, with males engaging in more physical aggression and substantially higher levels of risk-taking behavior (e.g., Archer, 2009; Byrnes et al., 1999; Kruger and Nesse, 2006; Wilson et al., 2002).”
From The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity (2011) · cites this paper as Byrnes et al., 1999
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Metadata
- Authors
- Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- ORCID
- Byrnes, James P.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 367-383
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2026217192
- Cited by
- 3,723
- References
- 173
- Citations by year
- 2026: 137 · 2025: 210 · 2024: 227 · 2023: 231 · 2022: 215 · 2021: 287 · 2020: 275 · 2019: 261 · 2018: 216 · 2017: 202 · 2016: 194 · 2015: 169 · 2014: 192 · 2013: 151 · 2012: 126
- FWCI
- 6.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- gender differences, risk-taking, sex differences, age trends, intellectual risk-taking, physical skills, smoking, self-reported behavior, observed behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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