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Psychobiology of Altered States of Consciousness.
Abstract
The article reviews the current knowledge regarding altered states of consciousness (ASC) (a) occurring spontaneously, (b) evoked by physical and physiological stimulation, (c) induced by psychological means, and (d) caused by diseases. The emphasis is laid on psychological and neurobiological approaches. The phenomenological analysis of the multiple ASC resulted in 4 dimensions by which they can be characterized: activation, awareness span, self-awareness, and sensory dynamics. The neurophysiological approach revealed that the different states of consciousness are mainly brought about by a compromised brain structure, transient changes in brain dynamics (disconnectivity), and neurochemical and metabolic processes. Besides these severe alterations, environmental stimuli, mental practices, and techniques of self-control can also temporarily alter brain functioning and conscious experience.
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“In any case, EEG-NFB has shown promising clinical effects in a wide various of conditions [130–135] including IDs [102, 136–155].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Vaitl, D., Birbaumer, N., Gruzelier, J., Jamieson, G. A., Kotchoubey, B., Kübler, A., Lehmann, D., Miltner, W. H. R., Ott, U., Pütz, P., Sammer, G., Strauch, I., Strehl, U., Wackermann, J., & Weiss, T.
- Affiliations
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (DE)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena (DE)
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 98-127
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2144078056
- Cited by
- 448
- References
- 389
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 18.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EPubDev Repository (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion)
- RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Keywords
- altered states of consciousness, neurobiological mechanisms, self-awareness, brain metabolism, mental practice, self-control strategies
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Brain, Consciousness Disorders, Diet, Dreams, Electroencephalography, Humans, Sleep, Starvation, Positron-Emission Tomography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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