What is the link between hallucinations, dreams, and hypnagogic–hypnopompic experiences?
Open accessAbstract
By definition, hallucinations occur only in the full waking state. Yet similarities to sleep-related experiences such as hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations, dreams and parasomnias, have been noted since antiquity. These observations have prompted researchers to suggest a common aetiology for these phenomena based on the neurobiology of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. With our recent understanding of hallucinations in different population groups and at the neurobiological, cognitive and interpersonal levels, it is now possible to draw comparisons between the 2 sets of experiences as never before. In the current article, we make detailed comparisons between sleep-related experiences and hallucinations in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and eye disease, at the levels of phenomenology (content, sensory modalities involved, perceptual attributes) and of brain function (brain activations, resting-state networks, neurotransmitter action). Findings show that sleep-related experiences share considerable overlap with hallucinations at the level of subjective descriptions and underlying brain mechanisms. Key differences remain however: (1) Sleep-related perceptions are immersive and largely cut off from reality, whereas hallucinations are discrete and overlaid on veridical perceptions; and (2) Sleep-related perceptions involve only a subset of neural networks implicated in hallucinations, reflecting perceptual signals processed in a functionally and cognitively closed-loop circuit. In summary, both phenomena are non-veridical perceptions that share some phenomenological and neural similarities, but insufficient evidence exists to fully support the notion that the majority of hallucinations depend on REM processes or REM intrusions into waking consciousness.
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Altered functional activity related to neural network connectivity is a recognized feature of sleep dysfunction as well as hallucinations.
“Altered functional activity related to neural network connectivity is a recognized feature of sleep dysfunction as well as hallucinations. 33-35”
From Towards an Integrative Account of Potential Mechanisms Mediating the Path From Sleep Dysfunction to Hallucinations (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
Aberrant connectivity has been identified within and across distributed networks involving perception, memory, and emotion.
“This aberrant connectivity has been identified within and across distributed networks involving perception, memory, and emotion.”
From Towards an Integrative Account of Potential Mechanisms Mediating the Path From Sleep Dysfunction to Hallucinations (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Waters, F., Blom, J. D., Dang-Vu, T. T., Cheyne, A. J., Alderson-Day, B., Woodruff, P., & Collerton, D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Hamad Medical Corporation (QA)
- Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Waters, Flavie
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-06-29
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1098-1109
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC4988750
- OpenAlex
- W2462953046
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (WT098455, WT103817)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- hallucinations, hypnagogic hallucinations
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Dreams, Eye Diseases, Hallucinations, Humans, Nerve Net, Parkinson Disease, Schizophrenia, Sleep, REM
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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