A neurophenomenological approach to non-ordinary states of consciousness: hypnosis, meditation, and psychedelics
Open accessAbstract
No contemporary unifying framework has been provided for the study of non-ordinary states of consciousness (NSCs) despite increased interest in hypnosis, meditation, and psychedelics. NSCs induce shifts in experiential contents (what appears to the experiencer) and/or structure (how it appears). This can allow the investigation of the plastic and dynamic nature of experience from a multiscale perspective that includes mind, brain, body, and context. We propose a neurophenomenological (NP) approach to the study of NSCs which highlights their role as catalysts of transformation in clinical practice by refining our understanding of the relationships between experiential (subjective) and neural dynamics. We outline the ethical implications of the NP approach for standard conceptions of health and pathology as well as the crucial role of experience-based know-how in NSC-related research and application.
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Several studies have reported clinical benefits of hypnotic, meditative, and psychedelic trances on pain, emotional regulation, sleep, fatigue, stress, cognitive difficulties, and quality of life.
“Several studies have reported some clinical benefits of hypnotic, meditative and psychedelic trances on pain, emotional regulation, sleep, fatigue, stress, cognitive difficulties and quality of life [43–48].”
From Scoping review on shamanistic trances practices (2024) · cites this paper as [47]
The paper’s Meditation section reports reduced stress, improved quality of life, and benefits linked to emotion regulation. Its discussion of clinical outcomes and pain, together with Box 3’s account of hypnosis, supports benefits across the three practices. The cited copy does not report clinical benefits for sleep, fatigue, or cognitive difficulties; its discussion of cognitive resources in hypnosis is not a finding about treating cognitive difficulties. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBoth mindfulness-based interventions and psychedelic interventions have been recognized for their potential to cultivate decentering.
“In general, both Mindfulness-Based Interventions and Psychedelic Interventions have been recognized for their potential to cultivate decentering [82].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [82]
The Meditation section says mindfulness- and compassion-based interventions provide opportunities to disengage, or ‘decentre,’ from feelings and thoughts. The paper also describes psychedelic-induced changes in the sense of self, but the passages reviewed do not say that psychedelic interventions cultivate decentering. That half of the claim is not established by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“In general, both Mindfulness-Based Interventions and Psyche-delic Interventions have been recognized for their potential to cultivate decentering [82].”
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Hypnosis at the Crossroads: A Primer of the Past and Visions for the Future
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The micro-phenomenology of Floatation-REST
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Modeling non-dual awareness via constraint closure: a reinterpretation of groundlessness
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Revitalizing the Fleshly Bond to the Web of Life with Auto-Induced Cognitive Trance
Ollagnier-Beldame, M., & Sombrun, C. (2026) · World Futures · doi:10.1080/02604027.2026.2622292 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Malipeddi, S., Sasidharan, A., Venugopal, R., Tewarie, P. K. B., Nagendra, R. P., Northoff, G., Laureys, S., Subramaniam, B., & Kutty, B. M. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02790-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroimaging studies of extra-sensory perception: A systematic and critical review
Acunzo, D. J., Denton, A. H., Weiler, M., & Kelly, E. F. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121937 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychedelic ethics in practice: The case of ketamine-assisted psychotherapy in Norway
Schüttler, S. S., Parker, J. N., & Münster, D. (2026) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2026.00486 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Acunzo, D. J. (2023) · Journal of Scientific Exploration · doi:10.31275/20233195 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Insights from Ecstatic Epilepsy: From Uncertainty to Metacognitive Feelings
Sooter, N. M., Seragnoli, F., & Picard, F. (2024) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2024_528 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Timmermann, C., Bauer, P. R., Gosseries, O., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Vollenweider, F., Laureys, S., Singer, T., Antonova, E., & Lutz, A.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- University of Liège (BE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Timmermann, Christopher
- ORCID
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-02
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 139-159
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4312140284
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 198
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 22
- FWCI
- 4.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- King's College London
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-11-IDEX-0007, ANR-11-IDEX, ANR-11-LABX-0042, 11 IDEX - 0007)
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- Fundação Bial
- Université de Lyon (ANR‐11‐LABX‐0042, ANR-11-IDEX-0 0 07)
- Fondation contre le Cancer
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (617739)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- neurophenomenology, non-ordinary states of consciousness, hypnosis, meditation, psychedelics, subjective experience, neural dynamics, clinical transformation
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Consciousness, Hallucinogens, Humans, Hypnosis, Meditation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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