The DOI matches its Crossref record; 262 of the 262 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys
Open accessAbstract
Theory and research on sex differences in adjustment focus largely on parental, societal, and biological influences. However, it also is important to consider how peers contribute to girls' and boys' development. This article provides a critical review of sex differences in several peer relationship processes, including behavioral and social-cognitive styles, stress and coping, and relationship provisions. The authors present a speculative peer-socialization model based on this review in which the implications of these sex differences for girls' and boys' emotional and behavioral development are considered. Central to this model is the idea that sex-linked relationship processes have costs and benefits for girls' and boys' adjustment. Finally, the authors present recent research testing certain model components and propose approaches for testing understudied aspects of the model.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence also is marked by an increase in the frequency and emotional intimacy of dyadic peer experiences, with both best friendships and emerging romantic relationships occupying more of adolescents’ attention and interest (Rose & Rudolph 2006, Steinberg & Morris 2001).”
From Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems. (2019) · cites this paper as Rose & Rudolph 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“which is surprising considering the well-established sex differences in the prevalence and severity of depression and anxiety (Rose and Rudolph 2006).”
From Risk and protective factors for prospective changes in adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Rose and Rudolph 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This may be particularly important for adolescent girls' because their friendships are characterized by greater levels of intimacy and emotional support (Rose & Rudolph, 2006; Rose, 2002).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Rose & Rudolph, 2006
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Fear and anxiety emerge early in development (e.g., separation anxiety, stranger anxiety around 8 monthsof-age) and, as children mature, parents and peers view these emotions as more acceptable for girls than boys [35, 39].”
From Co-Development of Anxious Solitude and Social Anxiety Symptoms from Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence: Increased Transactions After the Middle School Transition (2026) · cites this paper as [39]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Interpersonal stressors occur in great abundance during this life stage (23)—a byproduct of navigating puberty (41), fostering close friendships (42), exploring romantic relationships (43), and increasingly, using social media (44).”
From Neural correlates associated with suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury in youth (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Items 201–262 of 262
Schäfer, M., Werner, N. E., & Crick, N. R. (2002) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151002166451 · Cited by 101
Sex typing in play and popularity in middle childhood
Moller, L. C., Hymel, S. C., & Rubin, K. H. (1992) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00289916 · Cited by 100
Aggression in toddlers: Responses to the assertive acts of boys and girls
Fagot, B. I., & Hagan, R. A. (1985) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00287600 · Cited by 99
Measuring Coping in Adolescents: An Application of the Ways of Coping Checklist
Halstead, M. G., Johnson, S. B., & Cunningham, W. R. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2203_4 · Cited by 98
Greater Preference among Females Than Males for Dyadic Interaction in Early Childhood
Benenson, J. F. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131268 · Cited by 95
Coping and mental health in early adolescence
Plancherel, B., & Bolognini, M. (1995) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.1995.1033 · Cited by 94
Bird, G. W., & Harris, R. (1990) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431690102003 · Cited by 91
Pellegrini, A. D., Blatchford, P., Kato, K., & Baines, E. (2004) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.00259.x · Cited by 91
Associations between Peer Relationships and Depressive Symptoms
Oldenburg, C. M., & Kerns, K. A. (1997) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431697017003004 · Cited by 90
Baldry, A. C., & Winkel, F. W. (2003) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.07.002 · Cited by 88
Adolescent coping strategies and self-esteem.
Chapman, P. L., & Mullis, R. L. (1999) · Cited by 87
Deković, M., & Gerris, J. (1994) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/0193-3973(94)90038-8 · Cited by 87
Gender Differences in the Psychological Symptomatology and Coping Strategies of Young Adolescents
Kurdek, L. A. (1987) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431687074003 · Cited by 87
Goodyer, I. M., & ALTHAM, P. M. E. (1991) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(91)90002-a · Cited by 85
Psychometric characteristics of revised Sociotropy and Autonomy Scales in college students
Clark, D. A., Steer, R. A., Beck, A. T., & Ross, L. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00074-t · Cited by 84
The world of coordinated play: Same- and cross-sex friendship in young children.
Gottman, J. M. (1986) · Cited by 83
Development of Empathic Understanding in Children
Hughes, R., Tingle, B. A., & Sawin, D. B. (1981) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1981.tb03023.x · Cited by 83
Goals as a mediator of gender differences in high-affiliation dyadic conversations.
Strough, J., & Berg, C. A. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.36.1.117 · Cited by 82
Charles, S. C. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530390074041 · Cited by 80
Levels of Interpersonal Concerns and Social Functioning in Early Adolescent Boys and Girls
Henrich, C. C., Blatt, S. J., Kuperminc, G. P., Zohar, A. H., & Leadbeater, B. J. R. (2001) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7601_3 · Cited by 80
Martin, C. L., & Ruble, D. N. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.45 · Cited by 79
Getting Specific About Coping: Effortful and Involuntary Responses to Stress in Development
Lewis, M., & Ramsay, D. S. (1999) · doi:10.4324/9781410602626-18 · Cited by 79
Bowker, A., Bukowski, W. M., Hymel, S. C., & Sippola, L. K. (2000) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1207/sjra1002_5 · Cited by 78
Lansford, J. E., & Parker, J. G. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.35.1.80 · Cited by 77
Anxiety, Depression, and Emotion
(2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133585.001.0001 · Cited by 76
Peer Influences on Sex-Role Development in Preschoolers
Lamb, M. E., & Roopnarine, J. L. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129353 · Cited by 76
(1999) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410602626 · Cited by 75
Interpersonal and self-critical dysphoria and behavioral problems in adolescents
Blatt, S., Hart, B., Quinlan, D., Leadbeater, B., & Auerbach, J. (1993) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537791 · Cited by 71
Roles of temperamental arousal and gender-segregated play in young children's social adjustment.
Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Guthrie, I. K., & Martin, C. L. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.4.693 · Cited by 69
The Interpersonal Context of Emotion: Anger with Close Friends and Classmates
Whitesell, N. R., & Harter, S. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131704 · Cited by 69
Crying during adolescence: The role of gender, menarche, and empathy
van Tilburg, M. A. L., Unterberg, M. L., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2002) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151002166334 · Cited by 68
Goodyer, I. M., & ALTHAM, P. M. E. (1991) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(91)90001-9 · Cited by 66
Goals as a mediator of gender differences in high-affiliation dyadic conversations.
Strough, J., & Berg, C. A. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.117 · Cited by 65
Kovacs, D. M., Parker, J. G., & Hoffman, L. W. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131622 · Cited by 65
Coping with parental negativity: links with parental warmth and child adjustment
Herman-Stahl, M. A., & McHale, S. M. (1993) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/0193-3973(93)90027-s · Cited by 62
Relatedness, Self-Definition, and Early Adolescent Adjustment
Kuperminc, G. P., Blatt, S. J., & Leadbeater, B. J. R. (1997) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021826500037 · Cited by 61
Peer Victimization and Posttraumatic Stress among Children
Storch, E. A., & Esposito, L. E. (2003) · Child study journal · Cited by 58
Mackinaw-Koons, B., & Vasey, M. W. (2000) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0962-1849(05)80004-6 · Cited by 56
Development of Empathic Understanding in Children
Hughes, R. M., Tingle, B. A., & Sawin, D. B. (1981) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129221 · Cited by 56
Roth, M. A., & Parker, J. G. (2001) · Journal des adolescens · doi:10.1006/jado.2001.0408 · Cited by 55
Communication Patterns of African American Girls and Boys from Low-Income, Urban Backgrounds
Leaper, C., Tenenbaum, H. R., & Shaffer, T. G. (1999) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00108 · Cited by 55
Peer relations and the development of competence in boys and girls
Fagot, B. I. (1994) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.23219946506 · Cited by 55
Neuroticism and extraversion as predictors of coping styles during early adolescence
Gomez, R., Holmberg, K., Bounds, J., Fullarton, C., & Gomez, A. (1999) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00224-4 · Cited by 53
The Differentiation of Coping Traits in Adolescence
Kavšek, M., & Seiffge‐Krenke, I. (1996) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/016502549601900312 · Cited by 50
Formation of Dominance Hierarchies in Young Children
Omark, D. R., OMARK, M., & Edelman, M. S. (1975) · Mouton eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110802818.289 · Cited by 50
Children′s Coping in Self- and Other-Relevant Contexts
Bernzweig, J., Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1993.1012 · Cited by 45
Gender Differences in Responses to Friends' Hypothetical Greater Success
Benenson, J. F., & Benarroch, D. (1998) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431698018002004 · Cited by 45
Children's Responses to Peer Conflicts Involving a Rights Infraction.
Hopmeyer, A., & Asher, S. R. (1997) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · Cited by 43
Early Adolescents' Perceptions of Stress
Greene, A. L. (1988) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431688084006 · Cited by 39
Overt and Relational Victimization and Psychosocial Adjustment in Minority Preadolescents.
Storch, E. A., Zelman, E., Sweeney, M., Danner, G., & Dove, S. (2002) · Child study journal · Cited by 39
Adolescents' Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Peer Relations
Miller, K. E. (1990) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/074355489052008 · Cited by 38
Age and Gender Differences in Empathy and Moral Reasoning among Adolescents.
Hanson, R. A., & Mullis, R. L. (1985) · Child study journal · Cited by 37
Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Girls
Albano, A. M., & Krain, A. (2005) · Issues in Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/0-306-48674-1_3 · Cited by 35
Hastings, T. L., Anderson, S. J., & Kelley, M. L. (1996) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf02229045 · Cited by 35
The Role of Peers in the Socialization of Gender-Related Social Interaction Styles
Hibbard, D. R., & Buhrmester, D. (1998) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1018846303929 · Cited by 33
Sex differences in children’s investment in peers
Benenson, J. F., Morganstein, T., & Roy, R. (1998) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-998-1015-0 · Cited by 31
The subtle science of how experience affects the brain.
Bruer, J. T., & Greenough, W. T. (2001) · Cited by 29
Explaining gender differences in symptoms of subjective distress in young adolescents
Liu, X., & Kaplan, H. B. (1999) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1700(199901)15:1 · Cited by 27
Gender differences in the prevalence and expression of anxiety disorders.
Yonkers, K. A., & Gurguis, G. N. M. (1995) · Cited by 25
The Development of Same‐ and Opposite‐Sex Social Relations Among Adolescents: An Analogue Study
Hops, H., Alpert, A., & Davis, B. (1997) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1997.tb00100.x · Cited by 23
Aggression and Antisocial Behavior in Girls
Foster, S. L. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48674-1_5 · Cited by 17
Gender differences in daily stress and depressive symptomatology among Mexican early adolescents
Forteza, G. L., de Snyder, V. N. S., Palos, P. A., & Tapia, A. J. (2013) · Cited by 8
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- 10.1037/0012-1649.33.3.538 · DOI
- Buss, 1996, The evolutionary psychology of human social strategies., 3
- 10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.376 · DOI
- 10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.94 · DOI
- 10.1080/016502596385749 · DOI
- 10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.80 · DOI
- McGuire, 1982, Significant others in self-space: Sex differences and developmental trends in social self., Vol. 1, 71
- Patterson, 1987, A-COPE: Adolescent Coping Orientation for Problem Experiences., 225
- Pollack, 1998, Real boys.
- 10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.578 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Why is depression more common among women than among men?
Kuehner, C. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30263-2 · Cited by 1,752
Magson, N. R., Freeman, J. Y. A., Rapee, R. M., Richardson, C. E., Oar, E. L., & Fardouly, J. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9 · Cited by 1,498
Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review.
Chaplin, T. M., & Aldao, A. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0030737 · Cited by 1,247
The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Mathematics
Halpern, D. F., Benbow, C. P., Geary, D. C., Gur, R. C., Hyde, J. S., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (2007) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x · Cited by 1,206
Rueger, S. Y., Malecki, C. K., Pyun, Y., Aycock, C., & Coyle, S. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000058 · Cited by 946
Metadata
- Authors
- Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 98-131
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC3160171
- OpenAlex
- W1971560413
- Cited by
- 2,517
- References
- 251
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 130 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 180 · 2020: 181 · 2019: 161 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 140 · 2014: 132 · 2013: 127 · 2012: 102
- FWCI
- 7.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 59711, R01MH059711, R03MH063753, MH 63753-01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Keywords
- sex differences, peer relationships, peer socialization, emotional development, behavioral development, adjustment, stress coping, gender differences in development
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Child, Child Behavior, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Peer Group, Personality Development, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Social Environment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
