The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Abstract
Reliability coefficients often take the form of intraclass correlation coefficients. In this article, guidelines are given for choosing among six different forms of the intraclass correlation for reliability studies in which n target are rated by k judges. Relevant to the choice of the coefficient are the appropriate statistical model for the reliability and the application to be made of the reliability results. Confidence intervals for each of the forms are reviewed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As a result, the inter-rater agreement was quite high for categorical variables (mean Cohen's kappa = 0.73, SD = 0.13) and for continuous variables (mean intraclass correlation [26] = 0.80, SD = .14).”
From Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review (2010) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“we used the methodology Shrout and Fleiss (1979) describe and computed the Shrout-Fleiss single ICC score agreement of .998, which is considered quite high (Koo and Li 2016).”
From Driving Brand Engagement Through Online Social Influencers: An Empirical Investigation of Sponsored Blogging Campaigns (2019) · cites this paper as Shrout and Fleiss (1979)
In the citing paper
“In contrast, Cohen's quadratically weighted kappa converges to two-factor intraclass correlation coefficients with random and fixed raters (i.e., the so-called ICC (2,1) and ICC(3,1) coefficients), where the items and raters are the two factors (Carrasco, 2010;Fleiss & Cohen, 1973;Janson & Olsson, 2001;Schuster, 2004;Schuster & Smith, 2005;Shrout & Fleiss, 1979;Warrens, 2014).”
From Quadratically Weighted Agreement Coefficients: Interpretations and Connections (2026) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“A sample of 11% of video data was double coded by the researcher and an experienced coder (the developer of CHIPPA). Inter‐rater reliability was based on intra‐class correlation (ICC) statistics from the mean rating for the two coders (k = 2) using a two‐way mixed effects consistency model (see Table 2 below) and resulted in good to excellent reliability across the CHIPPA subscales (Koo & Li, 2016”
From A plausible role of imagination in pretend play, counterfactual reasoning, and executive functions (2023) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“The results suggest that coders showed high agreement (intraclass correlation [2, 1] = 0.85; Shrout & Fleiss, 1979).”
From Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: Evidence for intervention specificity. (2010) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“Interrater reliability of the pre- and posttreatment assessments was excellent (intraclass correlations [2, 1] = 0.97 and 0.96, respectively; Shrout & Fleiss, 1979).”
From Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: Evidence for intervention specificity. (2010) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“ICC decomposes observed variance into between-query variance (task difficulty) and within-query variance (agent inconsistency), highlighting whether reported results reflect true capability or measurement noise.”
From Stochasticity in Agentic Evaluations: Quantifying Inconsistency with Intraclass Correlation (2025) · cites this paper as Shrout and Fleiss 1979
In the citing paper
“The ICC quantifies the proportion of total variance attributable to differences between tasks and can be understood as a function of both the difficulty of the dataset (variance between tasks) and the consistency of the agent (variance within tasks).”
From Stochasticity in Agentic Evaluations: Quantifying Inconsistency with Intraclass Correlation (2025) · cites this paper as Shrout and Fleiss 1979
In the citing paper
“Reproducibility of the final placenta, fetus and amniotic fluid volume in millilitres was assessed using the ICC (2,1) [37], [38] for inter-observer repeatability between the semi-automated Random Walker results, regarded as the ground-truth used for performance evaluation, and the newly generated FCNN outputs.”
From Fully Automated 3-D Ultrasound Segmentation of the Placenta, Amniotic Fluid, and Fetus for Early Pregnancy Assessment (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312006001112 · Cited by 8,013
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
Snedecor, G. W., & Cochran, W. G. (1967) · Cited by 6,573
Scheffé, H. (1960) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/00010694-196006000-00016 · Cited by 5,625
An Approximate Distribution of Estimates of Variance Components
Satterthwaite, F. E. (1946) · Biometrics Bulletin · doi:10.2307/3002019 · Cited by 4,373
The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient as a Measure of Reliability
Bartko, J. (1966) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.19.1.3 · Cited by 2,206
Statistics for the social sciences
Hays, W. L. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,081
The theory of the estimation of test reliability
Kuder, G. F., & Richardson, M. W. (1937) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02288391 · Cited by 1,953
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,901–3,000 of 23,883
Fröhner, J. H., Teckentrup, V., Smolka, M. N., & Kroemer, N. B. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.053 · Cited by 92
Wengler, K., Goldberg, A. T., Chahine, G., & Horga, G. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.56151 · Cited by 102
Webright, W. G., Randolph, B. J., & Perrin, D. H. (1997) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.1997.26.1.7 · Cited by 98
Children's representations of pets in their social networks
McNicholas, J., & Collis, G. M. (2001) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2214.2001.00202.x · Cited by 98
Halphen, M., Heresbach, D., Gruss, H.-J., et al. (2013) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2013.02.009 · Cited by 98
Prewett, M. S., Walvoord, A. A. G., Stilson, F. R. B., Rossi, M. E., & Brannick, M. Τ. (2009) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959280903120253 · Cited by 99
Bratland‐Sanda, S., Sundgot‐Borgen, J., Rø, Ø., Rosenvinge, J. H., Hoffart, A., & Martinsen, E. W. (2009) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20753 · Cited by 98
Effect of using truncated versus total foot length to calculate the arch height ratio
McPoil, T. G., Cornwall, M. W., Vicenzino, B., et al. (2008) · The Foot · doi:10.1016/j.foot.2008.06.002 · Cited by 98
Hoogveld, A. W. M., PAAS, F. G. W. C., & Jochems, W. M. G. (2005) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2005.01.002 · Cited by 106
Adolescent Health-Related Quality of Life Following Liver and Kidney Transplantation
Sundaram, S. G., Landgraf, J., Neighbors, K., Cohn, R., & Alonso, E. (2007) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01722.x · Cited by 97
A two-stage design for a phase II clinical trial of coenzyme Q10 in ALS
Levy, G., Kaufmann, P., Buchsbaum, R., Montes, J., Barsdorf, A. I., Arbing, R. H. A., Battista, V., Zhou, X., Mitsumoto, H., Levin, B., et al. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000201182.60750.66 · Cited by 98
Karon, B. S., Gandhi, G. Y., Nuttall, G. A., Bryant, S. C., Schaff, H. V., McMahon, M. M., & Santrach, P. J. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1309/6rfqckaajgkwb8m4 · Cited by 98
Rodrigue, K. M., Daugherty, A. M., Haacke, E. M., & Raz, N. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs139 · Cited by 106
Effects of exercise and human contact on animal welfare in a dog shelter
Menor‐Campos, D. J., Molleda‐Carbonell, J. M., & López‐Rodríguez, R. (2011) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.d4757 · Cited by 98
Walraevens, J., Liu, B., Sloten, J. V., et al. (2008) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-008-0820-9 · Cited by 98
Test-Retest Reliability of the GO-QOL
Terwee, C. B., Gerding, M. N., Dekker, F. W., Prummel, M. F., van der Pol, J. P., & Wiersinga, W. M. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(99)00069-4 · Cited by 97
van Zuijlen, P. P. M., de Vries, H. J. C., Lamme, E. N., Coppens, J. E., van Marle, J., Kreis, R. W., & Middelkoop, E. (2002) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.1219 · Cited by 100
Cadenhead, K. S., Carasso, B. S., Swerdlow, N. R., Geyer, M. A., & BRAFF, D. L. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00294-7 · Cited by 98
Chen, S. A., O'Dell, L. E., Hoefer, M. E., Greenwell, T. N., Zorrilla, E. P., & Koob, G. F. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301008 · Cited by 97
Martino, S., Carroll, K. M., Nich, C., & Rounsaville, B. J. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01554.x · Cited by 97
Belief into Action Scale: A Comprehensive and Sensitive Measure of Religious Involvement
Koenig, H. G., Wang, Z., Zaben, F. A., & Adi, A. H. (2015) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel6031006 · Cited by 103
Examiner alignment and assessment in clinical periodontal research
Hefti, A. F., & Preshaw, P. M. (2012) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00436.x · Cited by 102
Agreement between dementia patient report and proxy reports using the Nottingham Health Profile
Boyer, F. C., Novella, J., Morrone, I., Jolly, D., & Blanchard, F. (2004) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1191 · Cited by 97
Componential Analysis of Interpersonal Perception Data
Kenny, D. A., West, T. V., Malloy, T. E., & Albright, L. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_1 · Cited by 97
BDNF Val66met polymorphism, white matter abnormalities and remission of geriatric depression
Alexopoulos, G. S., Glatt, C. E., Hoptman, M. J., Kanellopoulos, D., Murphy, C. F., Kelly, R. E., Morimoto, S. S., Lim, K. O., & Gunning, F. M. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.115 · Cited by 101
Comparing Measurement Properties of the EQ-5D-3L, ICECAP-O, and ASCOT in Frail Older Adults
van Leeuwen, K. M., Bosmans, J. E., Jansen, A. P. D., Hoogendijk, E. O., van Tulder, M. W., van der Horst, H. E., & Ostelo, R. (2014) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2014.09.006 · Cited by 97
Reproducibility of blood flow velocity measurements using colour decoded Doppler imaging
Matthiessen, E. T., Zeitz, O., Richard, G., & Klemm, M. (2004) · Eye · doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700651 · Cited by 97
Validation of a photography-based goniometry method for measuring joint range of motion
Blonna, D., Zarkadas, P. C., Fitzsimmons, J. S., & O’Driscoll, S. W. (2011) · Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.06.018 · Cited by 96
Sterke, S., Huisman, S. L., van Beeck, E. F., Looman, C. W. N., & van der Cammen, T. J. M. (2009) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610209991347 · Cited by 98
Rakovshik, S., McManus, F. V., Vazquez-Montes, M., Muse, K., & Ougrin, D. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000079 · Cited by 97
Thomas, L., Tuytens, M., Devos, G., Kelchtermans, G., & Vanderlinde, R. (2018) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/1741143218781064 · Cited by 140
The reliability and heritability of cortical folds and their genetic correlations across hemispheres
Pizzagalli, F., Auzias, G., Yang, Q., Mathias, S. R., Faskowitz, J., Boyd, J., Amini, A., Rivière, D., McMahon, K. L., de Zubicaray, G. I., et al. (2020) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01163-1 · Cited by 104
Devos, H., Gustafson, K. M., Ahmadnezhad, P., Liao, K., Mahnken, J. D., Brooks, W. M., & Burns, J. M. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10120994 · Cited by 115
Gote-Schniering, J., Maciukiewicz, M., Gabryś, H. S., Brunner, M., Blüthgen, C., Meier, C., Braga-Lagache, S., Uldry, A., Heller, M., Distler, O., et al. (2021) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.04503-2020 · Cited by 97
Wu, B., Lou, X., Wu, X., et al. (2013) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.24175 · Cited by 97
Assessment of Quadriceps Muscle Performance by a Hand-Held Dynamometer and an Isokinetic Dynamometer
Deones, V. L., Wiley, S., & Worrell, T. W. (1994) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.1994.20.6.296 · Cited by 97
Validated Assessment Scales for the Mid Face
CARRUTHERS, J. D. A., Flynn, T. C., Geister, T. L., et al. (2012) · Dermatologic Surgery · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02251.x · Cited by 97
Reliability and Accuracy of Biomechanical Measurements of the Lower Extremities
Gheluwe, B. V., Kirby, K. A., Roosen, P., & Phillips, R. D. (2002) · Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association · doi:10.7547/87507315-92-6-317 · Cited by 96
Tousignant, M., Duclos, E., Laflèche, S., et al. (2002) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-200204150-00007 · Cited by 97
Shear Wave Elastography for Liver Stiffness Measurement in Clinical Sonographic Examinations
Yoon, J. H., Lee, J. M., Han, J. K., & Cho, B. I. (2014) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.7863/ultra.33.3.437 · Cited by 99
Fine, N. M., Shah, A. A., Han, I., Yu, Y., Hsiao, J., Koshino, Y., Saleh, H. K., Miller, F. A., Oh, J. K., Pellikka, P. A., et al. (2012) · International journal of cardiac imaging · doi:10.1007/s10554-012-0120-7 · Cited by 97
Videman, T., Battié, M. C., Parent, É., Gibbons, L. E., Vainio, P. A., & Kaprio, J. A. (2008) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181753bb1 · Cited by 98
Esposito, J. G., Schemitsch, E. H., Saccone, M., Sternheim, A., & Kuzyk, P. R. T. (2013) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2012.12.003 · Cited by 95
Miskovic, V., Schmidt, L. A., Georgiades, K., Boyle, M., & MacMillan, H. L. (2009) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20387 · Cited by 103
Chang, T. C., Congdon, N. G., Wojciechowski, R., et al. (2005) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.03.006 · Cited by 97
Dutch norm data for 13 semantic categories and 338 exemplars
Ruts, W., Deyne, S. D., Ameel, E., et al. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03195597 · Cited by 97
Automated scoring of fear-related behavior using EthoVision software
Pham, J., Cabrera, S. M., Sanchis‐Segura, C., & Wood, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.12.021 · Cited by 94
Cappelli, M., Gray, C., Zemek, R. L., Cloutier, P., Kennedy, A., Glennie, E., Doucet, G., & Lyons, J. S. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3798 · Cited by 97
Elastography Study of Hamstring Behaviors during Passive Stretching
Sant, G. L., Ateş, F., Brasseur, J., & Nordez, A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139272 · Cited by 97
A Player Model for Adaptive Gamification in Learning Environments
Monterrat, B., Desmarais, M. C., Lavoué, É., & George, S. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19773-9_30 · Cited by 96
The shape of change in psychotherapy: Longitudinal assessment of personal problems.
Barkham, M., Stiles, W. B., & Shapiro, D. A. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.61.4.667 · Cited by 97
Learning how to Differ: Agreement and Reliability Statistics in Psychiatry
Streiner, D. L. (1995) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379504000202 · Cited by 94
Speech disfluencies of preschool-age children who do and do not stutter
Tumanova, V., Conture, E. G., Lambert, E., & Walden, T. A. (2014) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2014.01.003 · Cited by 96
Mayorga-Vega, D., Viciana, J., & Cocca, A. (2013) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2013-0036 · Cited by 102
Chen, X., Qin, L., Pan, D., Huang, Y., Yan, L., Wang, G., Liu, Y., Liang, C., & Liu, Z. (2014) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.13131572 · Cited by 96
Reliability and Responsiveness of the Timed Up and Go Test in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Carey, H., Martin, K. S., Combs-Miller, S. A., et al. (2016) · Pediatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1097/pep.0000000000000301 · Cited by 96
The personality of U.S. states: Stability from 1999 to 2015
Elleman, L. G., Condon, D. M., Russin, S. E., & Revelle, W. (2018) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.022 · Cited by 97
Mulé, S., Thiéfin, G., Costentin, C. E., Durot, C., Rahmouni, A., Luciani, A., & Hoeffel, C. C. (2018) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2018171320 · Cited by 96
A Network Perspective on Attitude Strength: Testing the Connectivity Hypothesis
Dalege, J., Borsboom, D., van Harreveld, F., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2018) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550618781062 · Cited by 96
Systematic Protocols for the Visual Analysis of Single-Case Research Data
Wolfe, K., Barton, E. E., & Meadan, H. (2019) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-019-00336-7 · Cited by 97
How multiple levels of metacognitive awareness operate in collaborative problem solving
Çini, A., Järvelä, S., Dindar, M., & Malmberg, J. (2023) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-023-09358-7 · Cited by 116
Faculty Trust and Organizational School Characteristics
Maele, D. V., & Houtte, M. V. (2009) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x09335141 · Cited by 98
Data Aggregation in Multilevel Analysis: A Review of Conceptual and Statistical Issues
Dixon, M. A., & Cunningham, G. B. (2006) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1207/s15327841mpee1002_2 · Cited by 96
Posture of the head, shoulders and thoracic spine in comfortable erect standing
Raine, S., & Twomey, L. T. (1994) · Australian Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0004-9514(14)60451-7 · Cited by 96
The Interview for the Diagnosis of Eating Disorders--IV: Application to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria.
Kutlesic, V., Williamson, D. A., Gleaves, D. H., Barbin, J. M., & Murphy-Eberenz, K. P. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.1.41 · Cited by 95
Responsiveness of the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index in patients with adhesive capsulitis
Tveitå, E. K., Ekeberg, O. M., Juel, N. G., & Bautz‐Holter, E. (2008) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-161 · Cited by 96
Hsu, A.-L., Tang, P., & Jan, M. (2002) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.33652 · Cited by 96
Hibbs, A. E., Thompson, K., French, D. N., Hodgson, D., & Spears, I. R. (2010) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.06.001 · Cited by 97
Murray, E., Birley, E., Twycross-Lewis, R., et al. (2009) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2009.08.002 · Cited by 96
Widerström-Noga, E. G., Pattany, P. M., Cruz‐Almeida, Y., Felix, E. R., Perez, S., Cardenas, D. D., & Martinez‐Arizala, A. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.07.022 · Cited by 97
Ball, S. A., Rounsaville, B. J., Tennen, H. A., & Kranzler, H. R. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.110.2.341 · Cited by 96
MacDermid, J. C., Kramer, J. F., Woodbury, M. G., et al. (1994) · Journal of Hand Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0894-1130(12)80035-4 · Cited by 96
Clement, F. M., Ghali, W. A., Donaldson, C., et al. (2008) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.1363 · Cited by 96
Spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis: reliability, validity and responsiveness
Haywood, K. L., Garratt, A. M., Jordan, K. P., Dziedzic, K., & Dawes, P. T. (2004) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh169 · Cited by 96
Reliability of the Active and Passive Knee Extension Test in Acute Hamstring Injuries
Reurink, G., Goudswaard, G. J., Oomen, H. G., et al. (2013) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546513490650 · Cited by 96
Hope, Friends, and Subjective Well-Being: A Social Network Approach to Peer Group Contextual Effects
Parker, P. D., Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C. L., Marshall, S., Sahdra, B. K., & Kiuru, N. H. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12308 · Cited by 107
Harvey, L. A., Byak, A., Ostrovskaya, M., Glinsky, J. V., Katte, L., & Herbert, R. (2003) · Australian Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0004-9514(14)60237-3 · Cited by 96
Rosemann, T. J., Laux, G., Droesemeyer, S., Gensichen, J. S., & Szécsényi, J. (2007) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00786.x · Cited by 94
Norris, B. S., & Olson, S. L. (2011) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.3109/09593985.2010.533745 · Cited by 96
Ekerstad, N., Swahn, E., Janzon, M., Alfredsson, J., Löfmark, R., Lindenberger, M., Andersson, D., & Carlsson, P. (2013) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487313490257 · Cited by 96
Pretend play, divergent thinking, and math achievement in girls: A longitudinal study.
Wallace, C. E., & Russ, S. W. (2015) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0039006 · Cited by 106
Changes in self-perception during treatment of social phobia
Hofmann, S. G., Moscovitch, D. A., Kim, H.-J., & Taylor, A. N. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.4.588 · Cited by 95
Airways in Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Fouche, P. F., Simpson, P., Bendall, J., Thomas, R. E., Cone, D. C., & Doi, S. A. R. (2013) · Prehospital Emergency Care · doi:10.3109/10903127.2013.831509 · Cited by 95
Persons in situations: distinguishing new wine from old wine in new bottles
Johnson, J. A. (1999) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(199909/10)13:5 · Cited by 81
Brown, A. W., Li, P., Brown, M. M. B., Kaiser, K. A., Keith, S. W., Oakes, J. M., & Allison, D. B. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.105072 · Cited by 93
Effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Instruction in Statistics
Sosa, G. W., Berger, D. E., Saw, A. T., & Mary, J. (2010) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654310378174 · Cited by 111
A multimodal parallel architecture: A cognitive framework for multimodal interactions
Cohn, N. (2015) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.10.007 · Cited by 103
Movement-related beta oscillations show high intra-individual reliability
Espenhahn, S., de Berker, A. O., van Wijk, B. C. M., Rossiter, H. E., & Ward, N. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.025 · Cited by 109
Unreliability of putative fMRI biomarkers during emotional face processing
Nord, C. L., Gray, A., Charpentier, C. J., Robinson, O. J., & Roiser, J. P. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.024 · Cited by 96
Teigen, L. M., John, R., Kuchnia, A. J., Nagel, E., Earthman, C. P., Kealhofer, J. V., Martin, C. M., & Cogswell, R. J. (2017) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.117.004069 · Cited by 95
ImageJ: A Free, Easy, and Reliable Method to Measure Leg Ulcers Using Digital Pictures
Aragón‐Sánchez, J., Quintana-Marrero, Y., Aragón-Hernández, C., & Hernández-Herrero, M. J. (2017) · The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds · doi:10.1177/1534734617744951 · Cited by 95
Image biomarkers and explainable AI: handcrafted features versus deep learned features
Rundo, L., & Militello, C. (2024) · European Radiology Experimental · doi:10.1186/s41747-024-00529-y · Cited by 112
Jovicich, J., Minati, L., Marizzoni, M., Marchitelli, R., Sala‐Llonch, R., Bartrés‐Faz, D., Arnold, J., Benninghoff, J., Fiedler, U., Roccatagliata, L., et al. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.010 · Cited by 96
Mutlu, E. K., & Özdi̇nçler, A. R. (2015) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.27.1961 · Cited by 95
Lee, D. H., Lee, J. M., Han, J. K., & Choi, B. I. (2012) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.23958 · Cited by 97
How do leadership motives affect informal and formal leadership emergence?
Luria, G., & Berson, Y. (2012) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1836 · Cited by 101
Gür, H., & Çakın, N. (2003) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00288-0 · Cited by 95
Macintosh, K., & Dissanayake, C. (2006) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361306062026 · Cited by 102
Breton, J., Bergeron, L., Valla, J., Berthiaume, C., & St‐Georges, M. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199811000-00016 · Cited by 95
Reliability of Air Displacement Plethysmography in a Large, Heterogeneous Sample
Noreen, E. E., & Lemon, P. W. R. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000228950.60097.01 · Cited by 95
Metadata
- Authors
- Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- ORCID
- Shrout, Patrick E.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1979
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 420-428
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2141403362
- Cited by
- 24,532
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1452 · 2025: 1085 · 2024: 998 · 2023: 1023 · 2022: 1083 · 2021: 1379 · 2020: 1189 · 2019: 1116 · 2018: 1178 · 2017: 1113 · 2016: 1106 · 2015: 1057 · 2014: 1172 · 2013: 1044 · 2012: 914
- FWCI
- 13.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Multidisciplinary Science and Engineering Research
- Keywords
- intraclass correlation coefficient, rater reliability, inter-rater reliability, reliability coefficients, confidence intervals, multiple raters
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
