The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity.

In the citing paper

“Moreover, studies using fMRI and electrophysiological (error-related negativity) methods in humans, as well as single-unit electrophysiology in experimental animals, have identified the ACC to be a site of computation of prediction errors encoding the difference between expected and obtained outcomes of responding [115–117].”

In the citing paper

“its functional meaning has shifted from a purely “negative feedback detector” toward a broader index of reinforcement-learning signals, reward prediction error, action–outcome evaluation, and reward positivity modulation [117,118,126,127,128,129].”

In the citing paper

“Classical reinforcement-learning models propose that unexpected unfavourable outcomes produce negative prediction-error signals that are conveyed through dopaminergic and medial-frontal systems and used to update future behaviour [117,118].”

In the citing paper

“In the broader ERP literature, response-locked performance monitoring is usually described as a sequence in which early medial-frontal activity detects conflict, error likelihood, or worse-than-expected outcomes, whereas later positive components support more conscious, evaluative, and metacognitive appraisal of the action that has just been executed [113,116,117,185,186,187].”

In the citing paper

“Earlier components such as ERN are often interpreted in terms of rapid conflict detection, reinforcement-learning signals, or medial-frontal alarm mechanisms, whereas later positive components appear more closely related to conscious appraisal, confidence, and adaptive updating [113,116,117,187].”

In the citing paper

“Unlike the prediction error signals associated with dopamine activity, which are largely reward-focused and associated with model-free RL (Holroyd and Coles, 2002), these respond to incorrect prediction of affectively neutral stimuli.”

In the citing paper

“While anterior cingulate cortex was implicated in monitoring conflict between incompatible response processes35 or detecting performance errors36”

In the citing paper

“However, research and theory suggests that the P3 is more closely related to reward-seeking behaviors (‘wanting’) and the FRN to reward consumption (‘liking’ or ’disliking’) [88,89].”