Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: A review
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Recent years have seen an explosion of research on the N2 component of the event-related potential, a negative wave peaking between 200 and 350 ms after stimulus onset. This research has focused on the influence of "cognitive control," a concept that covers strategic monitoring and control of motor responses. However, rich research traditions focus on attention and novelty or mismatch as determinants of N2 amplitude. We focus on paradigms that elicit N2 components with an anterior scalp distribution, namely, cognitive control, novelty, and sequential matching, and argue that the anterior N2 should be divided into separate control- and mismatch-related subcomponents. We also argue that the oddball N2 belongs in the family of attention-related N2 components that, in the visual modality, have a posterior scalp distribution. We focus on the visual modality for which components with frontocentral and more posterior scalp distributions can be readily distinguished.
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In stimulus-response compatibility paradigms, the N2 component varies with stimulus congruency, showing more negative amplitudes for incongruent than congruent trials.
“In SRC paradigms, it varies according to stimulus congruency, with more negative amplitudes for incongruent than congruent trials (Folstein & Van Petten, 2008;Larson et al., 2014;Nieuwenhuis, Yeung, & Cohen, 2004;Yeung, Botvinick, & Cohen, 2004).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Folstein & Van Petten, 2008
N2 amplitude variation according to stimulus congruency has been found in other SRC tasks.
“Nevertheless, N2 amplitude variation according to stimulus congruency has been found in other SRC tasks (for review, see Folstein & Van Petten, 2008).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Folstein & Van Petten, 2008
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Chmiel, J., & Kładna, A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15155994
- Authors
- Folstein, J. R., & Van Petten, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Folstein, Jonathan R.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-09-10
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 152-170
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- PMC
- PMC2365910
- OpenAlex
- W2132340226
- Cited by
- 2,567
- References
- 194
- Citations by year
- 2026: 180 · 2025: 158 · 2024: 160 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 176 · 2020: 180 · 2019: 168 · 2018: 235 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 142 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 130 · 2013: 145 · 2012: 100
- FWCI
- 3.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH073703, R03MH073703)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Keywords
- N2 component, event-related potentials, cognitive control, novelty detection, mismatch negativity, oddball paradigm, sequential matching, attention, visual modality, scalp distribution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cognition, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Psychomotor Performance, Feedback, Psychological
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