The DOI matches its Crossref record; 127 of the 128 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts.
Abstract
Three aspects of the self(private, public, collective) with different probabilities in different kinds of social environments were sampled. Three dimensions of cultural variation (individualism--collectivism, tightness-looseness, cultural complexity) are discussed in relation to the sampling of these three aspects of the self. The more complex the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the public and private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. The more individualistic the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. Collectivism, external threat, competition with outgroups, and common fate increase the sampling of the collective self. Cultural homogeneity results in tightness and in the sampling of the collective self. The article outlines theoretical links among aspects of the environment, childrearing patterns, and cultural patterns, which are linked to differential sampling of aspects of the self. Such sampling has implications for social behavior. Empirical investigations of some of these links are reviewed.
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“Culture significantly shapes individual behavior, with individual value systems varying based on socialized culture (Triandis, 1989) and moderated by individual experiences (Kadayam Guruswami et al., 2023).”
From Ethical use of artificial intelligence based tools in higher education: Are future business leaders ready? (2025) · cites this paper as Triandis, 1989
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Cites
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Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect.
Higgins, E. T. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.3.319 · Cited by 7,219
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Sorted by citations
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
The weirdest people in the world?
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0999152x · Cited by 12,641
Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 · Cited by 12,910
Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3 · Cited by 5,758
WEIRD languages have misled us, too
Majid, A., & Levinson, S. C. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1000018x · Cited by 4,177
Metadata
- Authors
- Triandis, H. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Triandis, Harry C.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1989-07
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 506-520
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2088861238
- Cited by
- 5,019
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 149 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 183 · 2020: 361 · 2019: 230 · 2018: 189 · 2017: 210 · 2016: 187 · 2015: 187 · 2014: 199 · 2013: 233 · 2012: 220
- FWCI
- 29.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
- Keywords
- self-concept, private self, public self, collective self, cultural variation, individualism-collectivism, cultural tightness-looseness, cultural complexity, external threats, intergroup competition, common fate, cultural homogeneity, social behavior
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