CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 87Artificial Intelligence in EducationEthics and Social Impacts of AIAcademic integrity and plagiarism

Ethical use of artificial intelligence based tools in higher education: Are future business leaders ready?

Open access
Mumtaz, Sabiha, Carmichael, Jamie, Weiss, Michael, Nimon-Peters, Amanda·2025·Education and Information Technologies
DOI 10.1007/s10639-024-13099-8
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

This study examined the ethical use of Artificial Intelligence-based Tools (AIT) in higher education, focusing on graduate business students. Drawing from a diverse sample of students from the United States of America (USA) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the research explored how cultural values shaped perceptions and behaviors towards ethical use of AIT. Structural Topic Modeling (STM), a machine learning technique to identify themes in open-ended responses, was used to assess the influence of culture as a covariate. Culture was classified into ten clusters comprising a group of countries, and findings were interpreted using Hofstede’s cultural framework. The study revealed significant variations in ethical perceptions across cultural clusters. For example, students from the Southern Asia cluster viewed the use of AIT to answer questions as more ethical, while students from Latin Europe were less likely to perceive it as ethical. Conversely, students from Latin Europe were more inclined to consider the use of AIT to understand concepts as ethical, compared to their Southern Asian counterparts. The findings highlight the importance of understanding cultural perceptions when integrating AIT in higher education. Addressing a significant gap in the existing educational literature, this research contributes to the broader discussion on the ethical implications of AI in education and offers practical strategies for fostering a culturally sensitive and inclusive approach while utilizing a novel methodology within the field.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study surveyed graduate business students in the USA and UAE to examine how culture shapes perceptions of ethical AI-based tool (AIT) use in higher education. Using Structural Topic Modeling, it identified five perceived ethical uses and found significant cultural variation, especially between Southern Asia and Latin Europe.

Key findings

  • Five topics emerged for ethical AIT use: (1) answer questions, (2) generate ideas and conduct research, (3) use as a learning resource, (4) understand concepts, and (5) search for information. Topics 2 and 3 accounted for close to 50% of answers.
  • Culture significantly influenced perceptions. Southern Asia had the largest effect for topic 1 (answer questions) and the smallest effect for topics 2, 4, and 5; Latin Europe had the smallest effect for topic 1 and the largest for topic 4 (understand concepts).
  • Topic 1 (answer questions) was the most controversial/varied use case. Topics 2 and 4 were generally considered ethical across cultures, while topics 3 and 5 showed medium variation.
  • The sample included 92 nationalities across ten cultural clusters; gender was 57% male, 42% female, and 1% other categories.

Methods

  • A confidential anonymous online survey was administered to 343 graduate business students in MBA, EMBA, and Master of Business Analytics programs at one AACSB/AMBA/EQUIS-accredited international university’s USA and UAE campuses; 185 complete valid responses were collected (53% response rate).
  • Culture was classified into ten Gupta et al. (2002) cultural clusters. The open-ended question analyzed was “How do you think ChatGPT/other similar tools can be used ethically for academic purposes?” The final corpus comprised 174 documents, 1,417 tokens, and 266 unique terms.
  • Structural Topic Modeling (STM) was run in R’s stm package with culture as a covariate; five topics were selected based on semantic coherence, and findings were interpreted using Hofstede’s cultural framework.

Limitations

  • Paper-stated: the study was limited to a single stakeholder group (students); it was conducted at one point in time, so longitudinal research is needed as AIT evolves; and its framework was anchored in Hofstede’s dimensions and Gupta et al.’s cultural clusters, with future work suggested using Schwartz’s Cultural Values or Trompenaars’ Model.
  • Evident in the text: Nordic Europe had only one student and was treated as an outlier; the “No specific cluster identified” group consisted of 13 students (7%) and was not considered homogeneous; and data came from one institution across two campuses, which may limit generalizability.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s10639-024-13099-8

Cites

57 of 57 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 51 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The study found significant variations in ethical perceptions regarding the use of AIT across cultural clusters.

    “The study revealed significant variations in ethical perceptions across cultural clusters.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    A topic model with five topics achieved the highest level of coherence.

    “The diagnostics within the stm package confirmed that a topic model with five topics achieved the highest level of coherence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The sample was distributed evenly for gender: male 57%, female 42%, other categories 1%.

    “The sample was distributed evenly for gender (male 57%, female 42%, other categories 1%) and is representative of the population.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The cluster Sub-Sahara Africa shows the highest positive effect size for topic 5 (Search for information).

    “The plot highlights that the cluster Sub-Sahara Africa shows the highest positive effect size”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The Latin Europe cluster is an outlier for three of the five topics.

    “and that the Latin Europe cluster is also an outlier for three of the five topics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 28
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 33

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Nordic Europe had the lowest count among cultural clusters, with only one student, and was considered an outlier when interpreting results.

    “Nordic Europe, at the other end of the distribution, had the lowest count among the cultural clusters.Since there was only one student from Nordic Europe, we considered this to be an outlier when interpreting the results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Topic 3 was the largest topic and topic 4 was the smallest.

    “From Fig. 2, we can see topics emerge, with topic 3 being the largest and topic 4 the smallest.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The cluster of students who did not identify with a specific culture consisted of 13 students (7%).

    “Another special case is the cluster of students who did not identify with a specific culture.It consisted of 13 students (7%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For using ChatGPT to generate ideas and conduct research, Anglo Cultures and Latin Europe were most likely to consider it ethical, while Southern Asia was least likely (after the underrepresented Nordic Europe).

    “The plot indicates that among the different cultural clusters, those from Anglo Cultures and Latin Europe are most likely to believe that using ChatGPT to generate ideas and conduct research is ethical (highest positive effect).Conversely, respondents from Southern Asia show the least likelihood of considering the use of Chat-GPT for this purpose as ethical, indicated by the lowest effect size on”
    • Also stated in: § 4.3 Effect of covariate (culture) on topics · plain
      “Note that Nordic Europe ranked lowest.However, as this cluster is underrepresented in the distribution, Southern Asia is the next ranking for this use case.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For using AIT/ChatGPT to answer questions, Southern Asia was next highest (after the underrepresented Nordic Europe) in perceiving it as ethical, while Latin Europe was least likely to perceive it as ethical.

    “For example, students from the Southern Asia cluster viewed the use of AIT to answer questions as more ethical, while students from Latin Europe were less likely to perceive it as ethical.”
    • Also stated in: § 4.3 Effect of covariate (culture) on topics · hedged
      “However, as this cluster is underrepresented in the distribution, Southern Asia is the next highest ranking for this use case.Those from Latin Europe, on the other hand, would find it least ethical, indicated by lowest effect size.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For using AIT/ChatGPT to understand concepts, Latin Europe was most likely to consider it ethical, while Southern Asia was least inclined to consider it ethical.

    “Conversely, students from Latin Europe were more inclined to consider the use of AIT to understand concepts as ethical, compared to their Southern Asian counterparts.”
    • Also stated in: § 4.3 Effect of covariate (culture) on topics · hedged
      “This plot shows that respondents from the Latin Europe cluster show the greatest positive effect size, indicating a high likelihood of considering the use of ChatGPT to understand concepts as ethical.On the other end, the Southern Asia cluster has the smallest effect size, suggesting that individuals from this culture are less inclined to view the use of ChatGPT for understanding concepts as ethic”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For using ChatGPT as a learning resource, Arab Cultures were most likely to consider it ethical, while Sub-Sahara Africa were least likely.

    “According to the plot, the cluster representing Arab Cultures shows the highest likelihood of considering the use of ChatGPT as a learning resource to be ethical, as indicated by the largest positive effect size for topic 3. On the other end of the spectrum, respondents from Sub-Sahara Africa are least likely to view using Chat-GPT in this way as ethical, with the lowest effect size shown.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The STM yielded five topics, interpreted as answer questions, generate ideas and conduct research, use as a learning resource, understand concepts, and search for information.

    “Topic 1 Answer questions Topic 2 Generate ideas and conduct research Topic 3 Use as a learning resource Topic 4 Understand concepts Topic 5 Search for information”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    For all other cultural clusters, there was a minimum of 7 responses (4%).

    “By comparison, for all other cultural clusters, we had a minimum of 7 responses (4%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    About half of the sample comes from Arab cultures, Southern Asia, and Confucian Asia.

    “We can see that about half of the sample comes from Arab cultures, Southern Asia, and Confucian Asia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The final corpus comprised 174 documents and 1,417 tokens, made of 266 unique terms.

    “The final corpus comprised 174 documents and 1,417 tokens.These tokens are made of 266 unique terms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For topic 4 (to understand concepts), Latin Europe students were most likely to perceive this as ethical use, and Southern Asian students were least likely to perceive this as ethical use.

    “For topic 4 (to understand concepts), the reverse situation was true: Latin Europe students were those most likely to perceive this as ethical use, and Southern Asian students were least likely to perceive this as ethical use.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For topic 1 (use of AIT to answer questions), Southern Asian students were most likely to perceive this as ethical use, and Latin Europe students were least likely to perceive this as ethical use.

    “Specifically, for topic 1 (use of AIT to answer questions), Southern Asian students were most likely to perceive this as ethical use, and Latin Europe students were least likely to perceive this as ethical use.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The study identified five distinct student perceptions (topics) of ethical uses of AIT in higher education: (1) To answer questions; (2) To generate ideas or conduct research; (3) As a learning resource or tool; (4) To understand concepts; (5) To search for information.

    “We have labelled these five categories or topics as (1) To answer questions; (2) To generate ideas or conduct research; (3) As a learning resource or tool; (4) To understand concepts and (5) To search for information.”
    • Also stated in: § 5 Discussion · plain
      “Another key theoretical contribution of this study is the identification of five distinct themes (or topics) regarding students' perceptions of the ethical use of AIT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    One researcher manually classified respondents' nationality into cultural clusters, and a second researcher reviewed it to verify accuracy and eliminate errors.

    “One of the researchers manually classified respondents' nationality into one of the ten clusters.This was reviewed by a second researcher to verify accuracy and eliminate errors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    A total of 185 complete and valid responses were collected, representing a response rate of 53%.

    “A total of 185 complete and valid responses were collected, representing a response rate of 53%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The structural topic model followed the protocol described in Schmiedel et al. (2019) and was supported by the stm package in R.

    “The creation of our structural topic model follows the protocol described in (Schmiedel et al., 2019) and is supported by the stm package in R (Roberts et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Schmiedel et al., 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Roberts et al., 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The best number of topics was selected by searching over different numbers of topics and comparing the semantic coherence of the resulting models.

    “Selected the best number of topics for the topic model by searching over different numbers of topics and comparing the semantic coherence of the resulting models.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A comparative study of students from the UAE and the USA, using Hofstede's cultural framework, identified that students from the UAE were less likely to perceive poor academic behaviors as misconduct.

    “For example, a comparative study of students from the UAE and the USA, using Hofstede cultural framework, identified that students from the UAE were less likely to perceive poor academic behaviors as misconduct (Williams et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Williams et al., 2014 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Ethics approval was obtained from the institution prior to data collection.

    “Ethics approval was obtained from the institution prior to data collection.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In individualistic cultures, people value personal independence and self-expression, while collectivist cultures focus on group harmony and interdependence; these cultural differences shape thoughts, emotions, motivations, and behavior.

    “In individualistic cultures, people value personal independence and self-expression, while collectivist cultures focus on group harmony and interdependence.These cultural differences shape individuals' thoughts, emotions, and motivations, and impact behavior (Vitell et al., 1993).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vitell et al., 1993 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Countries differ in their traditional views of what constitutes ethical and unethical behavior, resulting in diverse business ethics standards across nations.

    “Countries differ in their traditional views of what constitutes ethical and unethical behavior, resulting in diverse business ethics standards across nations (Paik et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Paik et al., 2017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Focusing on a single institution across two campuses controlled for variations in institutional policies, so observed differences may be attributed to cultural factors or individual preferences rather than disparities in academic integrity policies, awareness campaigns or curriculum standards.

    “The rationale for focusing on a single institution across two distinct campuses lies in controlling for variations in institutional policies, thus ensuring that any observed differences or similarities may be attributed to cultural factors or individual preferences rather than disparities in academic integrity policies, awareness campaigns or curriculum standards.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Cross-national factors must be considered when conducting ethics research to ensure a comprehensive understanding.

    “Consequently, cross-national factors must be considered when conducting ethics research to ensure a comprehensive understanding (Lehnert et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lehnert et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Culture significantly shapes individual behavior, with individual value systems varying based on socialized culture and moderated by individual experiences.

    “Culture significantly shapes individual behavior, with individual value systems varying based on socialized culture (Triandis, 1989) and moderated by individual experiences (Kadayam Guruswami et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Triandis, 1989 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kadayam Guruswami et al., 2023 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Individuals from collectivist cultures tend to be more tolerant of cheating and may even view it as a way to help each other.

    “In contrast, research has found that individuals from collectivist cultures tend to be more tolerant of cheating (Brodowsky et al., 2020;Zhang & Yin, 2020;Zhao et al., 2022) and may even view it as a way to help each other (Harvey et al., 2020;Kadayam Guruswami et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Brodowsky et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Zhang & Yin, 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Zhao et al., 2022 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This might explain why they perceive the use of AIT to understand concepts as more ethical.

    “This might explain why they perceive the use of AIT to understand concepts as more ethical.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Methodologically, this study contributes by integrating STM into academic integrity research and offering a new way to explore how culture and technology interact in educational settings.

    “Methodologically, this study contributes by integrating STM into academic integrity research and offering a new way to explore how culture and technology interact in educational settings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By integrating STM, we demonstrate its utility in uncovering complex relationships within qualitative data.

    “By integrating STM, we demonstrate its utility in uncovering complex relationships within qualitative data”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    By addressing the cultural impacts on the ethical usage of AIT, this research fills a significant gap in the existing literature.

    “By addressing the cultural impacts on the ethical usage of AIT, this research not only fills a significant gap in the existing literature but also sets the stage for developing more effective and culturally attuned educational practices and policies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This technique provides a predictive element that can be used to design classroom pedagogy proactively to avoid possible academic integrity issues.

    “Moreover, this technique provides a predictive element that can be used to design classroom pedagogy proactively to avoid possible academic integrity issues.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These themes provide a structured understanding of how students from diverse cultural backgrounds perceive the ethical application of AI tools, offering a detailed framework for future research and policy development.

    “These themes provide a structured understanding of how students from diverse cultural backgrounds perceive the ethical application of AI tools, offering a detailed framework for future research and policy development in this area.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The research framework was primarily anchored in Hofstede's cultural dimensions and Cultural clusters.

    “Lastly, our research framework was primarily anchored in Hofstede's cultural dimensions (Hofstede, 1980) and Cultural clusters (Gupta et al., 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hofstede, 1980 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gupta et al., 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Southern Asian cultures might be more comfortable with ambiguity and thus might not see the need to rely on AIT for understanding concepts as strongly.

    “might be more comfortable with ambiguity and thus might not see the need to rely on AIT for understanding concepts as strongly.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In such cultures, using AIT to answer questions might be perceived as a collective effort to achieve a common goal, hence viewed more ethically.

    “In such cultures, using AIT to answer questions might be perceived as a collective effort to achieve a common goal, hence viewed more ethically.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Based on trends from the past decades, it is unlikely that higher education classrooms will become less culturally diverse in the future.

    “Based on trends from the past decades, it is unlikely that higher education classrooms will become less culturally diverse in the future.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By integrating Hofstede's framework with cultural clusters, this study provides a comprehensive approach to examining cross-cultural ethical perceptions.

    “By integrating Hofstede's framework with cultural clusters, this study provides a comprehensive approach to examining cross-cultural ethical perceptions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The accessibility and sophistication of AI tools enable students to generate assignments and answers effortlessly, undermining academic honesty.

    “The accessibility and sophistication of these tools enable students to generate assignments and answers effortlessly, undermining the principles of academic honesty (Adams et al., 2023;Cotton et al., 2024).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Adams et al., 2023

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Cotton et al., 2024 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Ethical behavior cannot be fully understood without accounting for cultural influences.

    “as ethical behavior cannot be fully understood without accounting for cultural influences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Experts advocate for the responsible use of AIT in education to uphold academic integrity and ensure positive outcomes for all students.

    “Experts advocate for the responsible use of AIT in education to uphold academic integrity and ensure positive outcomes for all students (AACSB, 2023; Cotton et al., 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites AACSB, 2023

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Cotton et al., 2024 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Developing a deeper understanding of AI's ethical implications across diverse cultural contexts will be crucial for preparing the next generation of business leaders.

    “As we continue to integrate AI into higher education, developing a deeper understanding of its ethical implications across diverse cultural contexts will be crucial for preparing the next generation of business leaders.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study was conducted at a specific point in time.

    “Furthermore, the study was conducted at a specific point in time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In individualistic societies, students may see academic success as personal achievement and be more prone to academic misconduct to improve their grades.

    “In individualistic societies, students may see academic success as personal achievement and be more prone to academic misconduct to improve their grades (Martin, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Martin, 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    AI tools such as chatbots have been shown to enhance student interaction and improve learning outcomes.

    “AI tools, such as chatbots, have been shown to enhance student interaction and improve learning outcomes (Deng & Yu, 2023;Rasul et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Deng & Yu, 2023 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Rasul et al., 2023

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Hofstede's individualism/collectivism dimension remains one of the most recognized and validated frameworks for examining national culture differences.

    “This relationship is well understood through Hofstede's (1980) cultural dimensions, particularly the individualism/collectivism dimension, which remains one of the most recognized and validated frameworks for examining national culture differences (Minkov & Kaasa, 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Minkov & Kaasa, 2022 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Understanding concepts provides clarity and reduces ambiguity, aligning with their preference for certainty.

    “Understanding concepts provides clarity and reduces ambiguity, aligning with their preference for certainty.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UNESCO has highlighted challenges of privacy, accessibility, and bias, and recommended equitable and ethical regulations for AI use in education.

    “The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has highlighted these challenges, noting issues of privacy, accessibility, and bias, and recommending equitable and ethical regulations for AI use in education (Miao & Holmes, 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Miao & Holmes, 2023 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This methodological advancement enables a clearer understanding of how cultural backgrounds influence students' ethical perceptions of AI tools.

    “This methodological advancement enables a clearer understanding of how cultural backgrounds influence students' ethical perceptions of AI tools.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    Understanding cultural differences in ethical perceptions is crucial for business schools.

    “suggests that understanding cultural differences in ethical perceptions is crucial for business schools.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
49 of 49

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The sample is representative of the population.

    “The sample was distributed evenly for gender (male 57%, female 42%, other categories 1%) and is representative of the population.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Current business students are potentially future business leaders and decisionmakers.

    “Current business students are potentially future business leaders and decisionmakers.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Business students are future leaders.

    “who are the future leaders”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Workshops and seminars offer opportunities to explore case studies, simulate ethical dilemmas, and clarify grey areas such as acceptable collaboration or AI-assisted editing.

    “Workshops and seminars offer opportunities to explore case studies, simulate ethical dilemmas, and clarify grey areas such as acceptable collaboration or AI-assisted editing (Behrens et al., 2024; Duan et al., 2025; Mumtaz et al., 2025).”

    From Six Institutional Intervention Areas to Support Ethical and Effective Student Use of Generative AI in Higher Education: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as Mumtaz et al., 2025

    Section 6.2 (page not supplied) recommends workshops on ethical AI use, case studies of ethical dilemmas, and clearer institutional guidelines. It does not specify using workshops or seminars to simulate dilemmas or to clarify acceptable collaboration and AI-assisted editing. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

  • Response rate is understated

    Minor

    The stated 185 valid responses out of 343 students give a response rate of 53.94%, which rounds to 54%, not 53%.

    Reported 53 · recomputed 53.93586

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Lancaster, T., & Clarke, R. (2016). Contract cheating: The outsourcing of assessed student work. In T. Bretag (Ed.), Handbook of academic integrity (pp. 639–654). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-079-7_99 · DOI
  2. Weiss, M. (2021). Patterns for topic modeling. In Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs, pp. 1–13. ACM.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Mumtaz, S., Carmichael, J., Weiss, M., & Nimon-Peters, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Wollongong in Dubai (AE)
  • Carleton University (CA)
  • Hult International Business School (GB)
Corresponding author
Mumtaz, Sabiha
ORCID
Venue
Education and Information Technologies
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2024-10-23
Volume
30
Issue
6
Pages
7293-7319
ISSN
  • 1360-2357 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-7608
DOI
10.1007/s10639-024-13099-8
OpenAlex
W4403689823
Semantic Scholar
dfb4ddcc3b10d1aab26068073fbc072b1ca48447
Cited by
55
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 32 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 1
FWCI
20.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
Education and Information Technologies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
The University of Wollongong
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Academic integrity and plagiarism
Keywords
artificial intelligence in education, ethical use of AI, business students, graduate students, cultural values, Hofstede cultural dimensions, cross-cultural comparison, AI-generated content, AI as learning tool, future business leaders, higher education

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-06.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-06.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review