The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Listening with eye and hand: Cross-modal contributions to speech perception.
Abstract
Three experiments investigated the "McGurk effect" whereby optically specified syllables experienced synchronously with acoustically specified syllables integrate in perception to determine a listener's auditory perceptual experience. Experiments contrasted the cross-modal effect of orthographic on acoustic syllables presumed to be associated in experience and memory with that of haptically experienced and acoustic syllables presumed not to be associated. The latter pairing gave rise to cross-modal influences when Ss were informed that cross-modal syllables were paired independently. Mouthed syllables affected reports of simultaneously heard syllables (and vice versa). These effects were absent when syllables were simultaneously seen (spelled) and heard. The McGurk effect does not arise from association in memory but from conjoint near specification of the same causal source in the environment--in speech, the moving vocal tract producing phonetic gestures.
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“To summarize, although our infant results on their own do not provide unequivocal support for an extraexperiential basis, they do add to the evidence for linguistic universality (Massaro et al., 1993), haptic influences (Fowler & Dekle, 1991), and early sensitivity to audiovisual speech correspondence (see, e.g., Walton & Bower, 1993) toward these ends.”
From The McGurk effect in infants (1997) · cites this paper as Fowler & Dekle, 1991
Citations
Cites
The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
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The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems
West, C. K., & Gibson, J. J. (1969) · Journal of Aesthetic Education · doi:10.2307/3331482 · Cited by 6,344
Hearing lips and seeing voices
MCGURK, H., & MACDONALD, J. (1976) · Nature · doi:10.1038/264746a0 · Cited by 6,183
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328
Perception of the speech code.
Liberman, A. M., Cooper, F. S., Shankweiler, D. P., & Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1967) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0020279 · Cited by 3,722
The motor theory of speech perception revised
Liberman, A. M., & Mattingly, I. G. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90021-6 · Cited by 2,970
Luce, R. (1959) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1911299 · Cited by 2,603
Visual Contribution to Speech Intelligibility in Noise
Sumby, W. H., & Pollack, I. (1954) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.1907309 · Cited by 2,583
An event approach to the study of speech perception from a direct–realist perspective
Fowler, C. A. (1986) · Journal of Phonetics · doi:10.1016/s0095-4470(19)30607-2 · Cited by 771
Self-citationSpeech perception by ear and eye a paradigm for psychological inquiry
Massaro, D. W. (1987) · Cited by 585
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The motor theory of speech perception reviewed
Galantucci, B., Fowler, C. A., & Turvey, M. T. (2006) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03193857 · Cited by 720
Self-citationBest, C. T. (1994) · Cited by 506
The merging of the senses: integration of subthreshold taste and smell
Dalton, P., Doolittle, N., Nagata, H., & Breslin, P. A. S. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/74797 · Cited by 459
Krahmer, E., & Swerts, M. G. J. (2007) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.06.005 · Cited by 413
Temporal constraints on the McGurk effect
Munhall, K. G., Gribble, P., Sacco, L., & Ward, M. (1996) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206811 · Cited by 358
Metadata
- Authors
- Fowler, C. A., & Dekle, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 816-828
- ISSN
- 0096-1523 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1277
- OpenAlex
- W1992638577
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-01994, P01HD001994)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- McGurk effect, cross-modal perception, speech perception, visual speech, haptic perception, orthographic cues, multisensory integration, audiovisual integration, memory associations
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Humans, Lipreading, Phonetics, Speech Acoustics, Speech Perception, Touch
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