The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
On the fragility of skilled performance: What governs choking under pressure?
Abstract
Experiments 1-2 examined generic knowledge and episodic memories of putting in novice and expert golfers. Impoverished episodic recollection of specific putts among experts indicated that skilled putting is encoded in a procedural form that supports performance without the need for step-by-step attentional control. According to explicit monitoring theories of choking, such proceduralization makes putting vulnerable to decrements under pressure. Experiments 3-4 examined choking and the ability of training conditions to ameliorate it in putting and a nonproceduralized alphabet arithmetic skill analogous to mental arithmetic. Choking occurred in putting but not alphabet arithmetic. In putting, choking was unchanged by dual-task training but eliminated by self-consciousness training. These findings support explicit monitoring theories of choking and the popular but infrequently tested belief that attending to proceduralized skills hurts performance.
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“which could in turn lead to choking under pressure (Beilock & Carr, 2001).”
From Why grades engender performance-avoidance goals: The mediating role of autonomous motivation. (2011) · cites this paper as Beilock & Carr, 2001
Citations
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Sorted by citations
A taxonomy of external and internal attention.
Chun, M. M., Golomb, J. D., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100427 · Cited by 1,472
“…EEG measures will yield novel insights into the mechanisms of attention, accounting for variability in other cognitive processes that depend on attention, such as memory encoding (Otten et al. 2002, Turk-Browne et al. 2006), or performance impairments due to anxiety (choking) (Beilock & Carr 2001).”
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“This is a common occurrence in situations accompanied by high performance anxiety, and is proposed as the mechanism behind ‘choking’ in professional sport (Beilock and Carr, 2001).”
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BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- ORCID
- Beilock, Sian L.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 701-725
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W2151259821
- Cited by
- 1,201
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 82 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 16.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- choking under pressure, procedural memory, proceduralization, golf putting, episodic memory, dual-task training, mental arithmetic, attentional control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Psychomotor Performance, Stress, Psychological
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