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Evaluative conditioning and the awareness issue: Assessing contingency awareness with the Four-Picture Recognition Test.
Abstract
An experiment is described that tested the moderating influence of contingency awareness on evaluative conditioning. After participants were conditioned within the picture-picture paradigm, contingency awareness was assessed by means of a recognition test (i.e., the 4-picture recognition test). Results indicate an inverse relationship between the conditioned affective reaction and contingency awareness: Only participants classified as unaware in the recognition test showed significant effects of evaluative learning. A closer inspection indicates that aware individuals stored not only the valence but also the nominal stimulus in mind.
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Some studies found evidence for memory-independent EC, while other studies did not.
“Depending on the procedure and analytic approach, some studies found evidence for memory-independent EC (e.g., Hütter & Sweldens 2013, Jurchiș et al. 2020, Walther & Nagengast 2006, Waroquier et al. 2020), while other studies did not (e.g., Kurdi et al. 2022, Mierop et al. 2017, Pleyers et al. 2007, Stahl et al. 2009).”
From Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects (2025) · cites this paper as Walther & Nagengast 2006
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References 24 · Cited by 82
Metadata
- Authors
- Walther, E., & Nagengast, B.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 454-459
- ISSN
- 0097-7403 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2184
- OpenAlex
- W2041366095
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- evaluative conditioning, contingency awareness, evaluative learning, stimulus valence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Awareness, Conditioning, Psychological, Female, Humans, Judgment, Visual Perception, Recognition, Psychology
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