Cited by 294Memory Processes and InfluencesMemory and Neural MechanismsCognitive Functions and Memory

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Memory and metamemory: a study of the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon in amnesic patients

Shimamura, Arthur P., Squire, Larry R.·1986·Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Accuracy of the feeling of knowing was tested in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, patients prescribed electroconvulsive therapy, four other cases of amnesia, and control subjects. In Experiment 1, we tested feeling-of-knowing accuracy for the answers to general information questions that could not be recalled. Subjects were asked to rank nonrecalled questions in terms of how likely they thought they would be able to recognize the answers and were then given a recognition test for these items. Only patients with Korsakoff's syndrome were impaired in making feeling-of-knowing predictions. The other amnesic patients were as accurate as control subjects in their feeling-of-knowing predictions. In Experiment 2, we replicated these findings in a sentence memory paradigm that tested newly learned information. The results showed that impaired metamemory is not an obligatory feature of amnesia, because amnesia can occur without detectable metamemory deficits. The impaired metamemory exhibited by patients with Korsakoff's syndrome reflects a cognitive impairment that is not typically observed in other forms of amnesia.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.452

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. B
Press, H. (1886) · Cited by 10,087
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328
Advances in Instructional Psychology
(2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315864341 · Cited by 2,538
Preserved Learning and Retention of Pattern-Analyzing Skill in Amnesia: Dissociation of Knowing How and Knowing That
Cohen, N. J., & Squire, L. R. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7414331 · Cited by 2,296
Self-citation
The Neuropsychology of Memory
Squire, L. R. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70094-1_32 · Cited by 2,130
Self-citation
Statistics for the social sciences
Hays, W. L. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,081
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
A comparison of current measures of the accuracy of feeling-of-knowing predictions
Nelson, T. O. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.109 · Cited by 976
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
The information that amnesic patients do not forget.
Graf, P., Squire, L. R., & Mandler, G. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.10.1.164 · Cited by 883
Self-citation

Show all 49 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 290

The Neural Basis of Metacognitive Ability
Fleming, S. M., & Dolan, R. J. (2014) · The Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45190-4_11 · Cited by 50
Hypnosis, Memory, And Frontal Executive Functioning
Farvolden, P., & Woody, E. Z. (2004) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1076/iceh.52.1.3.23926 · Cited by 58
Memory: Neural Organization and Behavior
Squire, L. R. (1987) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp010508 · Cited by 46
Self-citation
Global Predictions of Memory in Alzheimer’s Disease: Evidence for Preserved Metamemory Monitoring
Moulin, C. J. A., Perfect, T. J., & Jones, R. W. (2000) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1076/anec.7.4.230.796 · Cited by 42
Accuracy of Metamemory After Traumatic Brain Injury
Kennedy, M. R. T., & Yorkston, K. M. (2000) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jslhr.4305.1072 · Cited by 42
Memory and “frontal lobe” dysfunction in multiple sclerosis
Beatty, W. W. (1993) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(93)90207-f · Cited by 42
Prefrontal cortex: Typical and atypical development
Dennis, M. (2006) · The Frontal Lobes · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511545917.007 · Cited by 41
On the neuropsychology of metamemory: Contributions from the study of amnesia and dementia
Kaszniak, A. W., & Zak, M. G. (1996) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s1041-6080(96)90023-0 · Cited by 43
Retrospective confidence judgements made by adults with traumatic brain injury: relative and absolute accuracy
Kennedy, M. R. T. (2001) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050010007380 · Cited by 41
Neuropsychiatric Correlates of Memory-Metamemory Dissociations in HIV-Infection
Rourke, S. B., Halman, M. H., & Bassel, C. (1999) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.21.6.757.852 · Cited by 40
Information Seeking in Animals: Metacognition?
Roberts, W., McMillan, N., Musolino, E., & Cole, M. R. (2012) · Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews · doi:10.3819/ccbr.2012.70005 · Cited by 39
Measures of relative metacognitive accuracy are confounded with task performance in tasks that permit guessing
Vuorre, M., & Metcalfe, J. (2021) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-020-09257-1 · Cited by 38
Anosognosia for Memory Impairment in Addiction: Insights from Neuroimaging and Neuropsychological Assessment of Metamemory
Berre, A. L., & Sullivan, E. V. (2016) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-016-9323-3 · Cited by 37
Metamemory in Schizophrenia: An Exploration of the Feeling-of-Knowing State
Souchay, C., Bacon, É., & Danion, J. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390591000846 · Cited by 37
Feeling-of-knowing in fact retrieval: Further evidence for preservation in early Alzheimer's disease
Lipinska, B., & Bäckman, L. (1996) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617700001375 · Cited by 37
Towards a common conceptual space for metacognition in perception and memory
Mazancieux, A., Pereira, M., Faivre, N., Mamassian, P., Moulin, C. J. A., & Souchay, C. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00245-1 · Cited by 44
Rats respond for information: Metacognition in a rodent?
Kirk, C. R., McMillan, N., & Roberts, W. A. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Learning and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xan0000018 · Cited by 36
Specific memory and sedative effects of the benzodiazepine triazolam
Weingartner, H. J., Joyce, E. M., Sirocco, K. Y., Adams, C., Eckardt, M. J., Team Members Anuja George, & Lister, R. G. (1993) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119300700401 · Cited by 36
Confidence level and feeling of knowing for episodic and semantic memory: an investigation of lorazepam effects on metamemory
Bacon, É., Danion, J., Kauffmann-Muller, F., Schelstraete, M., Bruant, A., Sellal, F., & Grangé, D. (1998) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050677 · Cited by 35
Sense and sensitivity: metacognition in Alzheimer's disease
Moulin, C. J. A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489976.010 · Cited by 33
Feeling of knowing in episodic memory following moderate to severe closed-head injury.
Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M., & Anderson, J. W. (2007) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.2.224 · Cited by 33
Memory perception and strategy use in Parkinson's disease
Johnson, A. M., Pollard, C. C., Vernon, P. A., Tomes, J. L., & Jog, M. (2005) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.06.005 · Cited by 33
Electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves memory monitoring
Chua, E. F., & Ahmed, R. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.008 · Cited by 33
Implications of output-bound measures for laboratory and field research in memory
Fisher, R. P. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042229 · Cited by 33
Are all judgments created equal?
Reggev, N., Barton-Zuckerman, M., & Maril, A. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.013 · Cited by 31
Memory and learning performances in POW survivors with history of malnutrition and combat veteran controls
Sutker, P. B., Allain, A. N., Johnson, J. L., & Butters, N. (1992) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/7.5.431 · Cited by 31
The path not taken
Dennett, D. C. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038243 · Cited by 32
Estudio neuropsicológico de adultos jóvenes con quejas subjetivas de memoria: implicación de las funciones ejecutivas y otra sintomatología frontal asociada
de León, J. M. R. S., Luque, M. L., Delgado, P. L., Fernández‐Blázquez, M. A., & Pérez, E. J. P. (2010) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.5111.2010270 · Cited by 32
Specific Effects of an Amnesic Drug: Effect of Lorazepam on Study Time Allocation and on Judgment of Learning
Izaute, M., & Bacon, É. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300564 · Cited by 32
Mild cognitive impairment and feeling-of-knowing in episodic memory
Anderson, J. W., & Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M. (2009) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390903224944 · Cited by 28
Neuroanatomic and neuropsychological predictors of unawareness of cognitive deficit in the vascular population
Wagner, M. T., & Cushman, L. A. (1994) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/0887-6177(94)90014-0 · Cited by 28
Memory, metamemory and their dissociation in temporal lobe epilepsy
Howard, C. E., Andrés, P., Broks, P., Noad, R., Sadler, M., Coker, D., & Mazzoni, G. A. L. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.011 · Cited by 27
Measuring illness insight in patients with alcohol-related cognitive dysfunction using the Q8 questionnaire: a validation study
Walvoort, S. J. W., van der Heijden, P. T., Kessels, R. P. C., & Egger, J. I. M. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s104442 · Cited by 27
Blocking out the distinction between sensation and perception: Superblindsight and the case of Helen
Humphrey, N. K. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038292 · Cited by 27
Self-awareness of cognitive dysfunction: Self-reported complaints and cognitive performance in patients with alcohol-induced mild or major neurocognitive disorder
Walvoort, S. J. W., van der Heijden, P. T., Wester, A. J., Kessels, R. P. C., & Egger, J. I. M. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.007 · Cited by 25
Feeling‐of‐knowing in episodic memory in patients with Parkinson's disease with various motor symptoms
Yu, R., Wu, R., Tai, C., Lin, C., & Hua, M. (2010) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23017 · Cited by 25
Memory and metamemory for semantic information in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Tekcan, A. Í., Topçuoğlu, V., & Kızılöz, B. K. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.10.002 · Cited by 25
The timing of confidence computations in human prefrontal cortex
Xue, K., Zheng, Y., Rafiei, F., & Rahnev, D. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.08.009 · Cited by 28
Differential compromise of prospective and retrospective metamemory monitoring and their dissociable structural brain correlates
Berre, A. L., Müller‐Oehring, E. M., Kwon, D., Serventi, M. R., Pfefferbaum, A., & Sullivan, E. V. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.05.002 · Cited by 24
ROC curves and measures of discrimination accuracy: A reply to Swets.
Nelson, T. O. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.100.1.128 · Cited by 24
Overestimation and Unreliability in “Feeling-of-Doing” Judgments about Temporal Ordering Performance: Impaired Self-Awareness Following Frontal Lobe Damage
Jurado, M. Á., Junqué, C., Vendrell, P., Tereserras, P., & Grafman, J. H. (1998) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.20.3.353.816 · Cited by 23
Self-Monitoring Recall During Two Tasks After Traumatic Brain Injury
Kennedy, M. R. T. (2004) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2004/015 · Cited by 24
Access and what it is like
Kobes, B. W. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038322 · Cited by 23
Neural correlates of metacognition: Disentangling the brain circuits underlying prospective and retrospective second‐order judgments through noninvasive brain stimulation
Saccenti, D., Moro, A. S., Sassaroli, S., Malgaroli, A., Ferro, M., & Lamanna, J. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25330 · Cited by 24
Drugs, memory, and metamemory: A dose-effect study with lorazepam and scopolamine.
Mintzer, M. Z., & Griffiths, R. R. (2005) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.13.4.336 · Cited by 21
BASIC programs for computation of the Goodman-Kruskal gamma coefficient
Nelson, T. O. (1986) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03330141 · Cited by 21
Looking inward and back: Real-time monitoring of visual working memories.
Suchow, J. W., Fougnie, D. L., & Alvarez, G. A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000320 · Cited by 20
Metacognitive Processes
Metcalfe, J. (1996) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012102570-0/50013-6 · Cited by 20
Aging and Memory Disorders: A Neuropsychological Analysis
Shimamura, A. P. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8947-7_2 · Cited by 20
Self-citation
Neurobiological basis of feeling of knowing in episodic memory
Irak, M., Soylu, C., Turan, G., & Çapan, D. (2019) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-019-09520-5 · Cited by 18
The storehouse/correspondence partition in memory research: Promises and perils
Kruglanski, A. W. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042242 · Cited by 18
Comparing electrophysiological correlates of judgment of learning and feeling of knowing during face-name recognition
Irak, M., Soylu, C., & Turan, G. (2019) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2019.1707650 · Cited by 17
Building metamemorial knowledge over time: insights from eye tracking about the bases of feeling-of-knowing and confidence judgments
Chua, E. F., & Solinger, L. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01206 · Cited by 17
Effects of Age-Related Stereotype Threat on Metacognition
Fourquet, N. Y., Patterson, T. K., Li, C., Castel, A. D., & Knowlton, B. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.604978 · Cited by 16
Tip-of-the-Tongue Experiences Are Not Merely
Widner, R. L., Otani, H., & Winkelman, S. E. (2005) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.3200/genp.132.4.392-407 · Cited by 16
Seeing life through rose-colored spectacles: Autobiographical memory as experienced in Korsakoff’s syndrome
Haj, M. E., & Nandrino, J. (2018) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2018.02.007 · Cited by 17
Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Examinations of Self‐Reported Sleep Quality in Alcohol Use Disorder With and Without Korsakoff's Syndrome
Lanièpce, A., Segobin, S. H., Lannuzel, C., Boudehent, C., Ritz, L., Urso, L., Vabret, F., Eustache, F., Beaunieux, H., Rauchs, G., et al. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13997 · Cited by 15
Trauma processing and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder
Kindt, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2005) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.11.007 · Cited by 15
Metacognitive Computations for Information Search: Confidence in ControlPreprint
Schulz, L., Fleming, S. M., & Dayan, P. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433342 · Cited by 18
Evidence that phenomenal consciousness is the same as access consciousness
Baars, B. J. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038218 · Cited by 15
Conscious and nonconscious control of action
Revonsuo, A. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038395 · Cited by 16
Fallacies or analyses?
Church, J. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038231 · Cited by 13
Heightened false memory: A long-term sequela of severe closed head injury
Ries, M. L., & Marks, W. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.021 · Cited by 12
We've only just begun
Lycan, W. G. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038358 · Cited by 12
Metamemory, Psychology of
Nelson, T. O. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/01516-3 · Cited by 12
When do you know what you know? The emergence of memory monitoring
Liu, Y., Su, Y., Guo-qing, X., & Pei, M. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.06.014 · Cited by 11
Advice-taking as a bridge between decision neuroscience and mental capacity
van der Plas, E., David, A. S., & Fleming, S. M. (2019) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.101504 · Cited by 13
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) monitor evolving decisions to control adaptive information seeking
Brady, R. J., & Hampton, R. R. (2021) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-021-01477-5 · Cited by 11
Delayed Judgments of Learning Are Associated With Activation of Information From Past Experiences: A Neurobiological Examination
Kelley, T. D., McNeely, D. A., Serra, M. J., & Davis, T. H. (2020) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620958004 · Cited by 10
Retrospective confidence judgments: Meta‐analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies
Мартин-Луенго, Б., Zinchenko, O. O., Dolgoarshinnaia, A., & Leminen, A. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25397 · Cited by 10
La métamémoire : théorie et clinique
Berre, A. L., Eustache, F., & Beaunieux, H. (2009) · Revue de neuropsychologie · doi:10.1684/nrp.2009.0044 · Cited by 10
Beyond the correspondence metaphor: When accuracy cannot be assessed
Newby, I. R., & Ross, M. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042321 · Cited by 10
Can metamemory be localized
O’Shea, M. F., Saling, M. M., & Bladin, P. F. (1994) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639408402675 · Cited by 10
Phenomenal access: A moving target
Levine, J. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038334 · Cited by 10
A Multidimensional Assessment of Metacognition Across Domains in Multiple Sclerosis
Mazancieux, A., Moulin, C. J. A., Casez, O., & Souchay, C. (2020) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617720000776 · Cited by 9
Self-Monitoring Abilities of Two Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury During Verbal Learning
Kennedy, M. R. T., Yorkston, K. M., & Rogers, M. (1995) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360.0404.159 · Cited by 9
The effects of frontal injury on “on-line” self-monitoring during verbal learning by adults with diffuse brain injury
Kennedy, M. R. T., & Yorkston, K. M. (2004) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602010443000038 · Cited by 9
The correspondence metaphor of memory: Right, wrong, or useful?
Koriat, A., & Goldsmith, M. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042394 · Cited by 9
Predicting Syndromes of Amnesia from a Composite Holographic Associative Recall/ Recognition Model (CHARM)
Metcalfe, J. (1997) · Memory · doi:10.1080/741941145 · Cited by 9
Domain-General and Domain-Specific Patterns of Activity Supporting Metacognition in Human Prefrontal CortexPreprint
Morales, J., Lau, H. C., & Fleming, S. M. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/172445 · Cited by 9
Vieillissement, fonctions exécutives et métamémoire : dissociation entre le « feeling-of-knowing » (sentiment de savoir) en mémoire épisodique et en mémoire sémantique
Douchemane, D., Isingrini, M. L., & Souchay, C. (2007) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503307004046 · Cited by 8
Contexts and functions of retrieval
Winograd, E. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042370 · Cited by 8
Metamemory in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Study of Sensitivity to Repetition at Encoding
Howard, C. E., Andrés, P., & Mazzoni, G. A. L. (2013) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617712001646 · Cited by 7
Predicting Remembering: Judgments of Prospective Memory After Traumatic Brain Injury
O’Brien, K. H., & Kennedy, M. R. T. (2018) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-17-0226 · Cited by 7
Judgments for inaccessible targets: Comparing recognition without identification and the feeling of knowing
Nomi, J. S., & Cleary, A. M. (2012) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0222-4 · Cited by 7
Neural correlates of “feeling-of-not-knowing”: Evidence from functional MRI
Jing, L. (2003) · Chinese Science Bulletin · doi:10.1360/03tb9029 · Cited by 7
Memory, metamemory, and conditional statistics
Bjork, R. A., & Wickens, T. D. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042187 · Cited by 7
Everyday memory and activity
Alterman, R. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042138 · Cited by 7
Memory monitoring and memory control in patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
Daurat, A., Huet, N., & Tiberge, M. (2013) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2013.818156 · Cited by 6
Selective, age‐related autobiographical memory deficits in children with severe traumatic brain injury
Lah, S. S., Gott, C., Parry, L., Black, C., Epps, A., & Gascoigne, M. B. (2017) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12141 · Cited by 6
Monetary Incentives Increase Metacognitive Confidence in Source Memory Performance in Patients With Schizophrenia
Szczepanowski, R., Cichoń, E., Pasieczna, A. H., Gawęda, Ł., & Rosińćzuk, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00725 · Cited by 6
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test performance following anterior communicating artery aneurysm
Diamond, B. J., & DeLuca, J. (1996) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/0887-6177(95)00001-1 · Cited by 6
Phenomenal fallacies and conflations
Harman, G. H. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038280 · Cited by 6
Functional memory requires a quite different value metaphor
Anderson, N. H. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0004214x · Cited by 6
The alternative to the storehouse metaphor
Ben‐Ze’ev, A. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042175 · Cited by 6
Triangulating phenomenal consciousness
Kitcher, P. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038310 · Cited by 6
Correspondence to the past: The essence of the archaeology metaphor
Larsen, S. F. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042266 · Cited by 6
Towards a structure of insight: a clinical and conceptual analysis
Marková, I. S. (1997) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow) · doi:10.5525/gla.thesis.71543 · Cited by 6
The timing of confidence computations in human prefrontal cortexPreprint
Xue, K., Zheng, Y., Rafiei, F., & Rahnev, D. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533662 · Cited by 7
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Orbitofrontal Cortex Enhances Self-Reported Confidence but Reduces Metacognitive Sensitivity in a Perceptual Decision-Making Task
Saccenti, D., Moro, A. S., Salvetti, G., Sassaroli, S., Malgaroli, A., Lamanna, J., & Ferro, M. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13071522 · Cited by 5

Authors: Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R.
Affiliations: VA San Diego Healthcare System (US)
ORCID: Squire, Larry R.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1986-07
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 452-460
ISSN: 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
1939-1285
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.452
OpenAlex: W2047386732
Cited by: 294
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 5.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH08992, MH24600)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: feeling of knowing, metamemory, amnesia, Korsakoff syndrome, electroconvulsive therapy, recognition memory, memory confidence, sentence memory, general knowledge questions
MeSH terms: Adult, Alcohol Amnestic Disorder, Alcoholism, Amnesia, Awareness, Cognition, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Mental Recall

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Memory and metamemory: a study of the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon in amnesic patients

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks