Cited by 294Memory Processes and InfluencesMemory and Neural MechanismsCognitive Functions and Memory

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Memory and metamemory: a study of the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon in amnesic patients

Shimamura, Arthur P., Squire, Larry R.·1986·Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Accuracy of the feeling of knowing was tested in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, patients prescribed electroconvulsive therapy, four other cases of amnesia, and control subjects. In Experiment 1, we tested feeling-of-knowing accuracy for the answers to general information questions that could not be recalled. Subjects were asked to rank nonrecalled questions in terms of how likely they thought they would be able to recognize the answers and were then given a recognition test for these items. Only patients with Korsakoff's syndrome were impaired in making feeling-of-knowing predictions. The other amnesic patients were as accurate as control subjects in their feeling-of-knowing predictions. In Experiment 2, we replicated these findings in a sentence memory paradigm that tested newly learned information. The results showed that impaired metamemory is not an obligatory feature of amnesia, because amnesia can occur without detectable metamemory deficits. The impaired metamemory exhibited by patients with Korsakoff's syndrome reflects a cognitive impairment that is not typically observed in other forms of amnesia.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.452

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. B
Press, H. (1886) · Cited by 10,087
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328
Advances in Instructional Psychology
(2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315864341 · Cited by 2,538
Preserved Learning and Retention of Pattern-Analyzing Skill in Amnesia: Dissociation of Knowing How and Knowing That
Cohen, N. J., & Squire, L. R. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7414331 · Cited by 2,296
Self-citation
The Neuropsychology of Memory
Squire, L. R. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70094-1_32 · Cited by 2,130
Self-citation
Statistics for the social sciences
Hays, W. L. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,081
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
A comparison of current measures of the accuracy of feeling-of-knowing predictions
Nelson, T. O. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.109 · Cited by 976
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
The information that amnesic patients do not forget.
Graf, P., Squire, L. R., & Mandler, G. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.10.1.164 · Cited by 883
Self-citation

Show all 49 references

Sorted by citations

On a confusion about a function of consciousness
Block, N. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038188 · Cited by 3,364
Metamemory: A Theoretical Framework and New Findings
Nelson, T. O. (1990) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60053-5 · Cited by 2,583
Memory and the Brain
Squire, L. R. (1986) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-268330-5.50013-5 · Cited by 1,932
Self-citation
Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness.
Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D. T., & Tulving, E. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.331 · Cited by 1,751
Monitoring one’s own knowledge during study: A cue-utilization approach to judgments of learning
Koriat, A. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.126.4.349 · Cited by 1,363
The Structure and Organization of Memory
Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B. J., & Musen, G. (1993) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.002321 · Cited by 1,159
Self-citation
Monitoring and control processes in the strategic regulation of memory accuracy.
Koriat, A., & Goldsmith, M. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.490 · Cited by 1,062
Mechanisms of Memory
Squire, L. R. (1986) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3086978 · Cited by 1,278
Self-citation
Consciousness and metacognition.
Nelson, T. O. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.102 · Cited by 860
Three Cases of Enduring Memory Impairment after Bilateral Damage Limited to the Hippocampal Formation
Rempel-Clower, N., Zola, S. M., Squire, L. R., & Amaral, D. G. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-16-05233.1996 · Cited by 815
Self-citation
The neural basis of metacognitive ability
Fleming, S. M., & Dolan, R. J. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0417 · Cited by 747
Unawareness of deficits in neuropsychological syndromes
McGlynn, S. M., & Schacter, D. L. (1989) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688638908400882 · Cited by 658
Cognitive impairment following frontal lobe damage and its relevance to human amnesia.
Janowsky, J. S., Shimamura, A. P., Kritchevsky, M., & Squire, L. R. (1989) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.103.3.548 · Cited by 496
Self-citation
Memory for the temporal order of events in patients with frontal lobe lesions and amnesic patients.
Shimamura, A., Janowsky, J., & Squire, L. (1990) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(90)90004-8 · Cited by 524
Self-citation
Allostatic Self-efficacy: A Metacognitive Theory of Dyshomeostasis-Induced Fatigue and Depression
Stephan, K. E., Manjaly, Z. M., Mathys, C. D., Weber, L. A. E., Paliwal, S., Gard, T., Tittgemeyer, M., Fleming, S. M., Haker, H., Seth, A. K., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00550 · Cited by 437
“…possible anatomical substrates have been investigated for several cognitive domains, in particular (extero)perceptual performance or memory (Shimamura and Squire, 1986; Schnyer et al., 2004; Fleming et al., 2010, 2012, 2014; McCurdy et al., 2013), but not, to our knowledge, for…”
Background
Toward a Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition
Shimamura, A. P. (2000) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.2000.0450 · Cited by 384
Self-citation
Memory and metamemory: Comparisons between patients with frontal lobe lesions and amnesic patients
Janowsky, J. S., Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1989) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03337811 · Cited by 305
Self-citation
A neuropsychological study of fact memory and source amnesia.
Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.464 · Cited by 299
Self-citation
Awareness of Deficits in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease: Do MCI Patients Have Impaired Insight?
Vogel, A., Stokholm, J., Gade, A., Andersen, B. B., Hejl, A., & Waldemar, G. (2004) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000076354 · Cited by 280
Domain-General and Domain-Specific Patterns of Activity Supporting Metacognition in Human Prefrontal Cortex
Morales, J., Lau, H., & Fleming, S. M. (2018) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2360-17.2018 · Cited by 274
The heterogeneity of anosognosia for memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: A review of the literature and a proposed model
AGNEW, S. K., & Morris, R. G. (1998) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607869856876 · Cited by 282
Executive Functions After Traumatic Brain Injury in Children
Levin, H. S., & Hanten, G. R. (2005) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.02.002 · Cited by 296
Sources of information in metamemory: Judgments of learning and feelings of knowing
Schwartz, B. L. (1994) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03213977 · Cited by 261
Metamemory Experiments in Neurological Populations: A Review
Pannu, J. K., & Kaszniak, A. W. (2005) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-005-7091-6 · Cited by 240
Memory dysfunction and word priming in dementia and amnesia.
Shimamura, A. P., Salmon, D. P., Squire, L. R., & Butters, N. (1987) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.101.3.347 · Cited by 229
Self-citation
Thinking about thinking: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of metacognitive judgements
Vaccaro, A. G., & Fleming, S. M. (2018) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/2398212818810591 · Cited by 218
Memory metaphors and the real-life/laboratory controversy: Correspondence versus storehouse conceptions of memory
Koriat, A., & Goldsmith, M. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042114 · Cited by 206
Awareness of disease states following cerebral infarction, dementia, and head trauma: Standardized assessment
Anderson, S. W., & Tranel, D. (1989) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854048908401482 · Cited by 207
Novelty monitoring, metacognition, and control in a composite holographic associative recall model: Implications for Korsakoff amnesia.
Metcalfe, J. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.1.3 · Cited by 207
Anosognosia: The Neurology of Beliefs and Uncertainties
Vuilleumier, P. O. (2004) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70918-3 · Cited by 188
Metacognition – What did James H. Flavell really say and the implications for the conceptualization and design of metacognitive interventions.
Moritz, S., & Lysaker, P. H. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.06.001 · Cited by 187
Characterizing amnesic patients for neurobehavioral study.
Squire, L. R., & Shimamura, A. P. (1986) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.100.6.866 · Cited by 179
Self-citation
Human Metacognition Across Domains: Insights from Individual Differences and Neuroimaging
Rouault, M., McWilliams, A., Allen, M. G., & Fleming, S. M. (2018) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2018.16 · Cited by 176
Understanding metamemory: neural correlates of the cognitive process and subjective level of confidence in recognition memory
Chua, E. F., Schacter, D. L., Rand-Giovannetti, E., & Sperling, R. A. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.058 · Cited by 174
Confidence level and feeling of knowing in question answering: The weight of inferential processes.
Costermans, J., Lories, G., & Ansay, C. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.1.142 · Cited by 168
Neural Correlates for Feeling-of-Knowing
Kikyo, H., Ohki, K., & Miyashita, Y. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00939-x · Cited by 161
Neural mediators of changes of mind about perceptual decisions
Fleming, S. M., van der Putten, E. J., & Daw, N. D. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0104-6 · Cited by 155
Distinguishing the Roles of Dorsolateral and Anterior PFC in Visual Metacognition
Shekhar, M., & Rahnev, D. (2018) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3484-17.2018 · Cited by 154
Metacognitive deficits in frontotemporal dementia
Eslinger, P. J. (2005) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.053157 · Cited by 151
Korsakoff's syndrome: radiological (CT) findings and neuropsychological correlates
Shimamura, A. P., Jernigan, T., & Squire, L. (1988) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-11-04400.1988 · Cited by 146
Self-citation
Judgments of learning are affected by the kind of encoding in ways that cannot be attributed to the level of recall.
Mazzoni, G. A. L., & Nelson, T. O. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.21.5.1263 · Cited by 151
Detecting metamemory in nonverbal subjects: A test with pigeons.
Inman, A. J., & Shettleworth, S. J. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.25.3.389 · Cited by 139
Feeling-of-knowing in episodic memory: an event-related fMRI study
Maril, A., Simons, J., Mitchell, J. P., Schwartz, B. L., & Schacter, D. L. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00014-4 · Cited by 120
The possible contribution of the septal region to memory
von Cramon, D. Y., Markowitsch, H. J., & Schuri, U. (1993) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(93)90065-8 · Cited by 134
Metamemory in Alzheimer's Disease
Souchay, C. (2007) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70696-8 · Cited by 128
Description of brain injury in the amnesic patient N.A. Based on magnetic resonance imaging
Squire, L. R., Amaral, D. G., Zola-Morgan, S. M., Kritchevsky, M., & Press, G. A. (1989) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(89)90168-4 · Cited by 128
Self-citation
There are things that we know that we know, and there are things that we do not know we do not know: Confidence in decision-making
Grimaldi, P., Lau, H. C., & Basso, M. A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.006 · Cited by 138
Do pigeons (Columba livia) study for a test?
Roberts, W. A., Feeney, M. C., McMillan, N., Macpherson, K., Musolino, E., & Petter, M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/a0013722 · Cited by 125
Anosognosia in neurodegenerative disease
Rosen, H. J. (2011) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2010.522588 · Cited by 123
How many concepts of consciousness?
Block, N. J. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038486 · Cited by 133
Recollection and familiarity in dense hippocampal amnesia: a case study.
Cipolotti, L., Bird, C., Good, T., MacManus, D., Rudge, P., & Shallice, T. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.05.014 · Cited by 126
The Role of VMPC in Metamemorial Judgments of Content Retrievability
Schnyer, D. M., Nicholls, L., & Verfaellie, M. H. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929053747694 · Cited by 123
Objective Metamemory Testing Captures Awareness of Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease
Cosentino, S., Metcalfe, J., Butterfield, B., & Stern, Y. (2007) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70697-x · Cited by 118
Self-Regulation after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Framework for Intervention of Memory and Problem Solving
Kennedy, M. R. T., & COELHO, C. A. (2005) · Seminars in Speech and Language · doi:10.1055/s-2005-922103 · Cited by 120
Toward a theory of human memory: Data structures and access processes
Humphreys, M. S., Wiles, J., & Dennis, S. J. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00036451 · Cited by 113
Causal neural network of metamemory for retrospection in primates
Miyamoto, K., Osada, T., Setsuie, R., Takeda, M., Tamura, K., Adachi, Y., & Miyashita, Y. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aal0162 · Cited by 106
Memory and ECT: From Polarization to Reconciliation
Sackeïm, H. A. (2000) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/00124509-200006000-00001 · Cited by 104
Memory, attention, and executive deficits in POW survivors: Contributing biological and psychological factors.
Sutker, P. B., Vasterling, J. J., Brailey, K., Allain, A. N., & al, E. (1995) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.9.1.118 · Cited by 100
Korsakoff's syndrome: A study of the relation between anterograde amnesia and remote memory impairment.
Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1986) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.100.2.165 · Cited by 98
Self-citation
Metacognition, metamemory, and mindreading in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder.
Grainger, C., Williams, D. M., & Lind, S. E. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036531 · Cited by 110
Long-term memory in amnesia: Cued recall, recognition memory, and confidence ratings.
Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.14.4.763 · Cited by 97
Self-citation
Alzheimer's disease and feeling-of-knowing in episodic memory.
Souchay, C., Isingrini, M., & Gil, R. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00075-1 · Cited by 86
Metamemory in multiple sclerosis
Beatty, W. W., & Monson, N. L. (1991) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639108401046 · Cited by 92
Memory and metamemory in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Tuna, Ş., Tekcan, A. Í., & Topçuoğlu, V. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.11.001 · Cited by 88
Processing fluency in education: How metacognitive feelings shape learning, belief formation, and affect
Reber, R., & Greifeneder, R. (2017) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1258173 · Cited by 87
Studying related pictures can reduce accuracy, but increase confidence, in a modified recognition test
Chandler, C. C. (1994) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03200854 · Cited by 87
Metamemory monitoring in mild cognitive impairment: Evidence of a less accurate episodic feeling-of-knowing
Perrotin, A., Belleville, S., & Isingrini, M. L. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.003 · Cited by 83
Medial prefrontal cortex plays a critical and selective role in ‘feeling of knowing’ meta-memory judgments
Modirrousta, M., & Fellows, L. K. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.011 · Cited by 91
Using the past to predict the future
Dougherty, M. R., Scheck, P., Nelson, T. O., & Narens, L. (2005) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193216 · Cited by 78
Dissociation and memory fragmentation: experimental effects on meta-memory but not on actual memory performance
Kindt, M., & van den Hout, M. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00135-8 · Cited by 77
Evidence for intact memory monitoring in Alzheimer’s disease: metamemory sensitivity at encoding
Moulin, C. J. A., Perfect, T. J., & Jones, R. W. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00037-3 · Cited by 77
Hemispheric differences in mnemonic processing: The effects of left hemisphere interpretation
Phelps, E. A., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1992) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(92)90006-8 · Cited by 76
Self-ratings of memory dysfunction: Different findings in depression and amnesia
Squire, L. R., & Zouzounis, J. A. (1988) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688638808402810 · Cited by 76
Self-citation
Metacognition Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Preliminary Study
Hanten, G. R., Bartha, M. C., & Levin, H. S. (2000) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s1532694206hanten · Cited by 74
Study of metamemory in patients with chronic alcoholism using a feeling-of-knowing episodic memory task.
Berre, A. L., Pinon, K., Vabret, F., Pitel, A., Allain, P., Eustache, F., & Beaunieux, H. (2010) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01277.x · Cited by 81
Equivalent forgetting rates in long-term memory for diencephalic and medial temporal lobe amnesia
McKee, R., & Squire, L. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-10-03765.1992 · Cited by 71
Self-citation
The Neurotoxicity Scale: The validity of a patient-based scale, assessing neurotoxicity
Aldenkamp, A. P., Baker, G. A., Pieters, M. S. M., Schoemaker, R. C., Cohen, A. F., & Schwabe, S. (1995) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/0920-1211(94)00082-8 · Cited by 69
Metacognitive theory and assessment in dementia: Do we recognize our areas of weakness?
Cosentino, S., & Stern, Y. (2005) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617705050964 · Cited by 67
The future of metacognition research: Balancing construct breadth with measurement rigor
Katyal, S., & Fleming, S. M. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.11.002 · Cited by 63
Visual metacognition: Measures, models, and neural correlates.
Rahnev, D. (2021) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000937 · Cited by 63
The development of a formative scenario-based computer assisted assessment tool in psychology for teachers: The PePCAA project
Crisp, V., & Ward, C. (2007) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2007.02.004 · Cited by 62
Metacognition in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Rosen, H. J., Alcantar, O., Zakrzewski, J. J., Shimamura, A. P., Neuhaus, J. M., & Miller, B. L. (2014) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000012 · Cited by 68
Self-citation
Introduction: toward an applied metacognition
Schwartz, B. L., & Perfect, T. J. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489976.002 · Cited by 61
Dissociation related to subjective memory fragmentation and intrusions but not to objective memory disturbances
Kindt, M., Van den Hout, M., & Buck, N. (2005) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.11.005 · Cited by 60
A stochastic detection and retrieval model for the study of metacognition
Jang, Y., Wallsten, T. S., & Huber, D. E. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0025960 · Cited by 59
Retrospective and prospective metacognitive judgments in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Morgan, G., Kornell, N., Kornblum, T., & Terrace, H. S. (2013) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-013-0657-4 · Cited by 55
Remembering as doing
Neisser, U. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042308 · Cited by 59
Episodic memory and event construction in aging and amnesia
Romero, K., & Moscovitch, M. (2012) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2012.05.002 · Cited by 58
Metacognition in Schizophrenia: Processes Underlying Patients' Reflections on Their Own Episodic Memory
Bacon, É., & Izaute, M. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.07.013 · Cited by 57
Executive functioning and memory as potential mediators of the episodic feeling-of-knowing accuracy
Perrotin, A., Tournelle, L., & Isingrini, M. L. (2008) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.11.006 · Cited by 62
Monitoring of general knowledge: Evidence for preservation in early Alzheimer's disease
Bäckman, L., & Lipinska, B. (1993) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(93)90157-u · Cited by 54
Metacognitive Development in Early Childhood: New Questions about Old Assumptions
Lyons, K. E., & Ghetti, S. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6546-2_12 · Cited by 61
Metamemory in multiple sclerosis: exploring affective and executive contributors
Randolph, J. J. (2003) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(03)00026-x · Cited by 53
Metamemory for faces following frontal lobe damage
Pannu, J. K., Kaszniak, A. W., & Rapcsak, S. Z. (2005) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617705050873 · Cited by 52
The influence of near-threshold priming on metamemory and recall
Jameson, K. A., Narens, L., Goldfarb, K., & Nelson, T. O. (1990) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(90)90058-n · Cited by 50
Cognitive Impairment in Elderly People
Jolles, J., Verhey, F. R. J., Riedel, W. J., & Houx, P. J. (1995) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/00002512-199507060-00006 · Cited by 50
Blindsight, orgasm, and representational overlap
Tye, M. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038425 · Cited by 49
Working memory performance predicts subjective cognitive complaints in HIV infection.
Bassel, C., Rourke, S. B., Halman, M. H., & Smith, M. L. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.16.3.400 · Cited by 49
Dogs choose a human informant: Metacognition in canines
McMahon, S. A., Macpherson, K., & Roberts, W. A. (2010) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2010.07.014 · Cited by 48
Divided attention at encoding: Effect on feeling-of-knowing
Sacher, M., Taconnat, L., Souchay, C., & Isingrini, M. L. (2009) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.04.001 · Cited by 45

Authors: Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R.
Affiliations: VA San Diego Healthcare System (US)
ORCID: Squire, Larry R.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1986-07
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 452-460
ISSN: 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
1939-1285
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.452
OpenAlex: W2047386732
Cited by: 294
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 5.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH08992, MH24600)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: feeling of knowing, metamemory, amnesia, Korsakoff syndrome, electroconvulsive therapy, recognition memory, memory confidence, sentence memory, general knowledge questions
MeSH terms: Adult, Alcohol Amnestic Disorder, Alcoholism, Amnesia, Awareness, Cognition, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Mental Recall

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Memory and metamemory: a study of the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon in amnesic patients

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks