Cited by 224Memory Processes and InfluencesCognitive Functions and MemoryMemory and Neural Mechanisms

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Butterfield, Brady, Metcalfe, Janet·2001·Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

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Abstract

The relation between people's confidence in the accuracy of an erroneous response and their later performance was investigated. Most models of human memory suggest that the higher a person's confidence, the stronger the item (in the context of the eliciting cue) that is retrieved from memory. In recall, stronger associates to a cue interfere with competing associates more than do weaker associates. This state of affairs implies that errors endorsed with high, rather than low, confidence should be more difficult to correct by learning the correct response feedback. In contrast to the authors' expectations, highly confident errors were the most likely to be corrected in a subsequent retest. Participants nearly always endorsed the correct response in cases in which both the correct response and the original erroneous response were generated at retest, suggesting that people possess a refined metacognitive ability to know what is correct and incorrect.

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Authors: Butterfield, B., & Metcalfe, J.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
ORCID: Metcalfe, Janet
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001
Volume: 27
Issue: 6
Pages: 1491-1494
ISSN: 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
1939-1285
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.27.6.1491
OpenAlex: W2003949574
Cited by: 223
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 0.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH8066)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: metacognition, memory confidence, memory errors, error correction, metacognitive confidence, retrieval interference, associative strength, metacognitive accuracy
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Knowledge of Results, Psychological, Learning, Male, Memory, Self-Assessment

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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