The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Errors committed with high confidence are hypercorrected.
Abstract
The relation between people's confidence in the accuracy of an erroneous response and their later performance was investigated. Most models of human memory suggest that the higher a person's confidence, the stronger the item (in the context of the eliciting cue) that is retrieved from memory. In recall, stronger associates to a cue interfere with competing associates more than do weaker associates. This state of affairs implies that errors endorsed with high, rather than low, confidence should be more difficult to correct by learning the correct response feedback. In contrast to the authors' expectations, highly confident errors were the most likely to be corrected in a subsequent retest. Participants nearly always endorsed the correct response in cases in which both the correct response and the original erroneous response were generated at retest, suggesting that people possess a refined metacognitive ability to know what is correct and incorrect.
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“There is also evidence that greater attention is given to feedback that does not match expectations (e.g., Butterfield & Metcalfe, 2001;Fazio & Marsh, 2009)”
From The benefit of generating errors during learning (2014) · cites this paper as Butterfield & Metcalfe, 2001
In the citing paper
“The authors suggested that this effect is due to the corrective feedback being more surprising for high-confidence errors than for low-confidence errors, and that the ensuing increased arousal facilitates encoding of the correct answer.”
From Predicting as a learning strategy (2021) · cites this paper as Butterfield & Metcalfe, 2001
In the citing paper
“The hypercorrection effect refers to the finding that erroneous responses committed with high confidence are more likely to be corrected than erroneous responses committed with low confidence (Butterfield & Metcalfe, 2001).”
From Predicting as a learning strategy (2021) · cites this paper as Butterfield & Metcalfe, 2001
Citations
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Theoretical Explanation and Neural Mechanism of the "Hypercorrection" Effect
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The effect of generating errors on subsequent learning and generalization
Siler, J. (2017) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Professional Development of Teachers for Assessment for Learning
Pace, T. (2018) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Error Correction in Older and Younger Adults
Panchagnula, S. (2017)
The Influence of Feedback on Predictions of Future Memory Performance
Sitzman, D. M., & Rhodes, M. G. (2013) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e633262013-768
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Verstege, S. (2021) · doi:10.18174/547094
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Cho, K. W., & Feldman, L. B. (2015) · Benjamins current topics · doi:10.1075/bct.80.02cho
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Leonard, B., Stocco, A., & Hake, H. S. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9qgcs · Cited by 1
Metamemory: An update of critical findings
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Oliveira, S. F., Gomes, C. F., & Ribeiro, M. J. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.589279
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Curiosity, error correction, and confidence in younger and older adults
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Self-citationBeyond the Educational Loop: Generative Struggle in AI-Mediated English Language Acquisition
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The role of confidence on long-term conceptual change in biology among secondary school students
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Metadata
- Authors
- Butterfield, B., & Metcalfe, J.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- ORCID
- Metcalfe, Janet
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1491-1494
- ISSN
- 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1285
- OpenAlex
- W2003949574
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 0.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH8066)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- metacognition, memory confidence, memory errors, error correction, metacognitive confidence, retrieval interference, associative strength, metacognitive accuracy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Knowledge of Results, Psychological, Learning, Male, Memory, Self-Assessment
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