The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Central bottleneck influences on the processing stages of word production.
Open accessAbstract
Does producing a word slow performance of a concurrent, unrelated task? In 2 experiments, 108 participants named pictures and discriminated tones. In Experiment 1, pictures were named after cloze sentences; the durations of the word-production stages of lemma and phonological word-form selection were manipulated with high- and low-constraint cloze sentences and high- and low-frequency-name pictures, respectively. In Experiment 2, pictures were presented with simultaneous distractor words; the durations of lemma and phoneme selection were manipulated with conceptually and phonologically related distractors. All manipulations, except the phoneme-selection manipulation, delayed tone-discrimination responses as much as picture-naming responses. These results suggest that early word-production stages--lemma and phonological word-form selection--are subject to a central processing bottleneck, whereas the later stage--phoneme selection--is not.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“numerous studies have shown that both listening and speaking require some attention.”
From Timing in Conversation (2023) · cites this paper as Ferreira & Pashler, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Under such dual-task conditions performance in the linguistic or/and motor task is typically worse than when each task is performed by itself.”
From Timing in Conversation (2023) · cites this paper as Ferreira & Pashler, 2002
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Pinker, S. A. (1994) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e412952005-009 · Cited by 5,879
Snodgrass, J. G., & Vanderwart, M. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.6.2.174 · Cited by 5,604
A theory of lexical access in speech production
Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99001776 · Cited by 5,295
Speaking: from intention to articulation
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-1947 · Cited by 5,017
Speaking: From Intention to Articulation
Levelt, W. J. M. (1989) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/6393.001.0001 · Cited by 4,804
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328
Speaking. From Intention to Articulation
Caplan, D. N. (1990) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90151-y · Cited by 4,036
A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production.
Dell, G. S. (1986) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.93.3.283 · Cited by 3,236
Cohen, J., MacWhinney, B., Flatt, M., & Provost, J. (1993) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03204507 · Cited by 2,802
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH USAGE: LEXICON AND GRAMMAR
Francis, W. N., Kučera, H., & Mackie, A. W. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,310
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Baayen, 1993, The CELEX lexical database
- 10.1037/0278-7393.25.2.345 · DOI
- 10.1037/0033-295X.93.3.283 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0278-7393.14.3.444 · DOI
- 10.1037/0278-7393.6.2.174 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 246
Distractor frequency effects in picture–word interference tasks with vocal and manual responses
Hutson, J., Damian, M. F., & Spalek, K. (2011) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690965.2011.605599 · Cited by 22
Dual-tasking with simple linguistic tasks: Evidence for serial processing
Fairs, A., Bögels, S., & Meyer, A. S. (2018) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.09.006 · Cited by 20
Inhibitory Control of Lexical Selection in Adults who Stutter
Maxfield, N. D. (2020) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105780 · Cited by 20
Carson, T. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.001.0001 · Cited by 21
Rules and Heuristics during Sentence Comprehension: Evidence from a Dual-task Brain Potential Study
Martín‐Loeches, M., Schacht, A., Casado, P., Hohlfeld, A., Rahman, R. A., & Sommer, W. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21106 · Cited by 20
General Cognitive Ability and the Psychological Refractory Period
Lee, J. J., & Chabris, C. F. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612471540 · Cited by 23
Gupta, S., & Ortony, A. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.11 · Cited by 19
Galasiński, D. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.41 · Cited by 19
Yamaguchi, M., Logan, G. D., & Li, V. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0030431 · Cited by 19
Augmented Cognition Overview: Improving Information Intake under Stress
Raley, C., Stripling, R. M., Kruse, A. A., Schmorrow, D., & Patrey, J. (2004) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193120404801001 · Cited by 19
Localizing semantic interference from distractor sounds in picture naming: A dual-task study
Mädebach, A., Kieseler, M., & Jescheniak, J. D. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1386-5 · Cited by 19
Benton, M. A. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.9 · Cited by 21
Individual differences in attentional control predict working memory capacity in adults who stutter
Tichenor, S. E., Wray, A. H., Ravizza, S. M., & Yaruss, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106273 · Cited by 19
Lying, Irony, and Default Interpretation
Giora, R. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.26 · Cited by 17
Dynel, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.25 · Cited by 17
Ganis, G. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.35 · Cited by 17
Salient alternatives facilitate implicatures
Bott, L. A., & Frisson, S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265781 · Cited by 17
Jongman, S. R., Meyer, A. S., & Roelofs, A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137557 · Cited by 17
Doneva, S. P., Davis, S., & Cavenagh, P. (2017) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2017.1386162 · Cited by 17
Interference in speaking while hearing and vice versa
Fargier, R., & Laganaro, M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41752-7 · Cited by 15
Fournet, M., Pernon, M., Chiuvé, S. C., Lopez, U., & Laganaro, M. (2021) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218211034130 · Cited by 17
Attentional requirements for the selection of words from different grammatical categories.
Ayora, P., Janssen, N., Dell’Acqua, R., & Alario, F. ‐. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0016373 · Cited by 16
Competition Reduces Response Times in Multiparty Conversation
Holler, J., Alday, P. M., Decuyper, C., Geiger, M., Kendrick, K. H., & Meyer, A. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.693124 · Cited by 15
Kim, Y. G. (2022) · Written Communication · doi:10.1177/07410883211068753 · Cited by 15
Word form encoding is under attentional demand: evidence from dual-task interference in aphasia
Laganaro, M., Bonnans, C., & Fargier, R. (2019) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2018.1564650 · Cited by 15
The shape of things to come in speech production: Visual form interference during lexical access
de Zubicaray, G. I., McLean, M. A., Oppermann, F., Hegarty, A., McMahon, K. L., & Jescheniak, J. D. (2017) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2017.1367018 · Cited by 14
Keeping it simple: studying grammatical encoding with lexically reduced item sets
Veenstra, A., Acheson, D. J., & Meyer, A. S. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00783 · Cited by 14
The Influence of Executive Functions on Phonemic Processing in Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter
Sasisekaran, J., & Basu, S. (2017) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2017_jslhr-s-17-0033 · Cited by 14
Capacity limitations of dishonesty.
Foerster, A., Wirth, R., Berghoefer, F. L., Kunde, W., & Pfister, R. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000510 · Cited by 13
Égré, P., & Icard, B. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.27 · Cited by 14
Paucke, M., Oppermann, F., Koch, I., & Jescheniak, J. D. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0039583 · Cited by 13
Comparison of single-word and adjective-noun phrase production using event-related brain potentials
Lange, V. M., Perret, C., & Laganaro, M. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.02.017 · Cited by 12
Spoken word processing creates a lexical bottleneck
Cleland, A. A., Tamminen, J., Quinlan, P. T., & Gaskell, M. G. (2011) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690965.2011.564942 · Cited by 12
Involvement of the Central Cognitive Mechanism in Word Production in Adults Who Stutter
Tsai, P.-T., & Ratner, N. B. (2016) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-14-0224 · Cited by 13
The role of working memory for syntactic formulation in language production.
Ivanova, I., & Ferreira, V. S. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000672 · Cited by 16
Self-citationInitiation of utterance planning in response to pre-recorded and “live” utterances
Sjerps, M. J., Decuyper, C., & Meyer, A. S. (2019) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021819881265 · Cited by 12
Green, S. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.38 · Cited by 11
Arnold, J. E., & Nozari, N. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.008 · Cited by 11
Management of acquired language disorders associated with attentional impairment
Peach, R. K. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-07201-4.00021-0 · Cited by 11
Lexical access in speech productionPreprint
Kerr, E., Ivanova, B., & Strijkers, K. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/83xzn · Cited by 11
A PRP-study to determine the locus of target priming effects
Klapötke, S., Krüger, D., & Mattler, U. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.04.008 · Cited by 10
Corps, R. E., & Meyer, A. S. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104073 · Cited by 10
Lying, Implicating, and Presupposing
Meibauer, J. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.14 · Cited by 8
Conditional automaticity in subliminal morphosyntactic priming
Ulrich Ansorge, A., Reynvoet, B., Hendler, J., Oettl, L., & Evert, S. (2012) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-012-0442-z · Cited by 10
Cognitive neuroimaging: Cognitive science out of the armchair
de Zubicaray, G. I. (2006) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2005.11.008 · Cited by 10
Phonological code retrieval during picture naming: Influence of consonant class
Cummings, A. E., Seddoh, A., & Jallo, B. (2016) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.014 · Cited by 9
Selective impairment of masked priming in dual-task performance
Fischer, R., Kiesel, A., Kunde, W., & Schubert, T. (2010) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2010.505984 · Cited by 9
He, J., Meyer, A. S., & Brehm, L. E. (2021) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2021.1925130 · Cited by 9
Lying and Deception in Politics
Robinson, P., Miller, D., Herring, E., & Bakir, V. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.42 · Cited by 10
Attention levels in young children who stutter
Costelloe, S., Davis, S., Cavenagh, P., & Doneva, S. P. (2018) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2018.1493996 · Cited by 9
Lying and Computational Linguistics
van Deemter, K., & Reiter, E. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.32 · Cited by 10
Effects of verbal tasks on driving simulator performance
Rann, J. C., & Almor, A. (2022) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-022-00357-x · Cited by 8
Meibauer, J. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.19 · Cited by 7
Gutchess, A. H., & Gilliam, A. N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197631669.003.0001 · Cited by 7
To plan or not to plan: Does planning for production remove facilitation from associative priming?
Jongman, S. R., & Meyer, A. S. (2017) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.10.003 · Cited by 7
The attentional demands of combining comprehension and production in conversation
Jongman, S. R. (2021) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2021.02.003 · Cited by 6
Lackey, J. A. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.18 · Cited by 6
Beier, K. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.15 · Cited by 6
The Seduced Speaker: Modeling of Cognitive Control
Roelofs, A. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-27823-8_1 · Cited by 6
Hustá, C., Meyer, A. S., & Drijvers, L. (2025) · Neurobiology of Language · doi:10.1162/nol_a_00171 · Cited by 5
Cascaded processing develops by five years of age: evidence from adult and child picture naming
Kandel, M., & Snedeker, J. (2023) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2023.2258536 · Cited by 5
Woumans, E., der Linden, L. V., Hartsuiker, R. J., Duyck, W., Moerenhout, C., de Partz, M., Pistono, A., Letter, M. D., & Szmalec, A. (2021) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2021.105850 · Cited by 5
Dopamine-Related Reduction of Semantic Spreading Activation in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease
Tiedt, H. O., Ehlen, F., & Klostermann, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.837122 · Cited by 5
Attentional Demand of Motor Speech Encoding: Evidence From Parkinson's Disease
Fournet, M., Chiuvé, S. C., & Laganaro, M. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00096 · Cited by 5
Production benefits recall of novel words with frequent, but not infrequent sound patterns
Assef, B. L., Strahm, S., Boyce, K., Page, M. P. A., & Zamuner, T. S. (2022) · Glossa a journal of general linguistics · doi:10.16995/glossa.8582 · Cited by 5
Sustained Attention Ability Affects Simple Picture Naming
Jongman, S. R. (2017) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.84 · Cited by 5
Classic Philosophical Approaches to Lying and Deception
Mahon, J. E. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.2 · Cited by 6
Development of Lying and Cognitive Abilities
Talwar, V. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.30 · Cited by 7
Linguistic Approaches to Lying and Deception
Hardin, K. J. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.4 · Cited by 4
Demierre, C., Python, G., Glize, B., & Laganaro, M. (2023) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2023.2253567 · Cited by 4
Jary, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.8 · Cited by 4
Viebahn, M. C., & Luce, P. A. (2019) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2019.1659987 · Cited by 4
Effects of concurrent task demands on language planning in fluent children and adults
Sasisekaran, J., & Donohue, C. (2015) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716415000582 · Cited by 4
Overlapping Tasks Methodology as a Tool for Investigating Language Perception
Sommer, W., & Hohlfeld, A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74980-8_5 · Cited by 4
Tateishi, M. (2013) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.5072/prism/25835 · Cited by 4
Peach, R., Schenk, K. A., Nathan, M. R., & Beck, K. M. (2018) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2018.1454885 · Cited by 3
Lying, Testimony, and Epistemic Vigilance
Michaelson, E. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.16 · Cited by 3
Nishimura, F. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.45 · Cited by 3
Brownsett, S. L. E., Mascelloni, M., Gowlett, G., McMahon, K. L., & de Zubicaray, G. I. (2022) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218221137007 · Cited by 3
de Bruin, A., & McGarrigle, R. (2023) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218231173638 · Cited by 3
Examining the role of Inhibitory control in bilingual language switching.
Shell, A., Linck, J. A., & Slevc, L. R. (2015) · Cited by 3
Rhyming abilities in a dual-task in school-age children who stutter
Sasisekaran, J., & Basu, S. (2021) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2021.105864 · Cited by 3
Fuhrmeister, P., Madec, S., Lorenz, A., Elbuy, S., & Bürki, A. (2022) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2022.2030483 · Cited by 3
Riès, S. (2015) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2015.1117644 · Cited by 2
Development of a Framework for Multimodal Research: Creation of a Bibliographic Database
Coovert, M. D., Gray, A. A., Elliott, L. R., & Redden, E. S. (2007) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · doi:10.21236/ada464861 · Cited by 3
Effects of Working Memory and Topic Familiarity on EFL Learners’ Oral Production
Liu, C., He, Y., & Liu, C. (2025) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688251352286 · Cited by 2
Sui, L., Kruger, H., & Slatyer, H. (2018) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728918000871 · Cited by 2
De-centering the Monolingual: A Psychophysiological Study of Heritage Speaker Language Processing
Madsen, & Christen, N. (2018) · Cited by 2
Lying, Metaphor, and Hyperbole
Claridge, C. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.28 · Cited by 2
Effects of Picture Naming and Categorization on Concurrent Comprehension: Evidence From the N400
Hustá, C., Nieuwland, M. S., & Meyer, A. S. (2023) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.88129 · Cited by 5
Hanke, M., Hamann, C., & Ruigendijk, E. (2012) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690965.2012.696664 · Cited by 2
Incremental lexical learning in speech production: A computational model and empirical evaluation
Oppenheim, G. M. (2011) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 2
A lexical bottleneck in shadowing and translating of narratives
van Paridon, J., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (2019) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2019.1591470 · Cited by 2
Mann, S. A. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.31 · Cited by 2
Kümmerling‐Meibauer, B. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.44 · Cited by 2
4 Speech, Language, and Cognitive Processes
(2022) · Thieme Medical Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1055/b-0042-189415 · Cited by 2
Psycholinguistic Approaches to Lying and Deception
Bott, L. A., & Williams, E. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.5 · Cited by 2
McGlone, M. S., & Baryshevtsev, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.24 · Cited by 2
Serra-García, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.39 · Cited by 2
DePaulo, B. M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.33 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Ferreira, V. S., & Pashler, H.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
- Published
- 2002
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1187-1199
- ISSN
- 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1285
- PMC
- PMC1864932
- OpenAlex
- W2172070061
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH64733, R01MH064733, R01 MH45584, R01MH045584)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- word production, central bottleneck, processing stages, picture naming, tone discrimination, lemma selection, phoneme selection, distractor interference, dual-task performance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Concept Formation, Female, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Phonetics, Pitch Discrimination, Reaction Time, Reading, Mental Recall, Semantics, Speech Production Measurement, Verbal Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review