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Functional inactivation of the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala by muscimol infusion prevents fear conditioning to an explicit conditioned stimulus and to contextual stimuli.

Muller, Jeff, Corodimas, Keith P., Fridel, Zhanna, LeDoux, Joseph E.·1997·Behavioral Neuroscience

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Abstract

The GABAa agonist, muscimol (0.5 microgram in 0.5 microliter saline), or vehicle was infused into the lateral and basal amygdala nuclei prior to fear conditioning or testing in rats. Rats given muscimol before conditioning and saline before testing showed much less freezing to the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the context than did controls given saline before training and testing. Rats given saline before training and muscimol prior to testing also showed low levels of freezing to the CS and the context. In follow-up procedures, rats with acquisition initially blocked by pretraining muscimol infusions froze in a manner similar to that of controls when retrained and retested with saline infusions. Rats trained with saline but tested with muscimol presumably became conditioned but could express the learning. When retested with saline, they froze in the same manner as controls. Thus, activity in the lateral and basal amygdala appears to play an essential role in the acquisition and expression of fear conditioning.

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Self-citation
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Li, G. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/67834 · Cited by 10
“Indeed, pharmacological inactivation of the BA prevents context-dependent fear renewal [45, 46].”
Background
Pre-Training Reversible Inactivation of the Basal Amygdala (BA) Disrupts Contextual, but Not Auditory, Fear Conditioning, in Rats
Jordão, E. M. A., Onishi, B. K. A., & Xavier, G. F. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125489 · Cited by 8
“Microinfusion of muscimol, a GABAA agonist, has been extensively used to inactivate selected brain areas [4,6,33,34,35].”
BackgroundMethod
Deficits induced by quinolinic acid lesion to the striatum in a position discrimination and reversal task are ameliorated by permanent and temporary lesion to the globus pallidus: A potential novel treatment in a rat model of Huntington's disease
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Prefrontal cortex regulates amygdala response to threat in trait anxietyPreprint
Ironside, M., Browning, M. D., Ansari, T. L., Harvey, C., Sekyi-Djan, M. N., Bishop, S. J., Harmer, C. J., & O’Shea, J. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/215699 · Cited by 8
“Inactivation of the amygdala during fear conditioning, through focal amygdala infusions, has been shown to prevent the acquisition and expression of fear conditioning(40).”
Background
Extracellular and Intracellular Angiotensin II Regulate the Automaticity of Developing Cardiomyocytes via Different Signaling Pathways
Qi, Z., Wang, T., Chen, X., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2021.699827 · Cited by 7
Chapter 8 Fear and anxiety mechanisms of the brain
Panksepp, J. (2000) · Principles of medical biology · doi:10.1016/s1569-2582(00)80010-0 · Cited by 7
GADD34 suppresses eIF2α phosphorylation and improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease-model mice
Hayakawa-Ogura, M., Tana, T., Nakagawa, T., & Itoh, M. (2023) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.02.077 · Cited by 7
A amígdala e a tênue fronteira entre memória e emoção
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The amygdala and flavour preference conditioning: Crossed lesions and inactivation
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Neuronal Basis of Learning
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Neuronal mechanism of innate rapid processing of threating animacy cue in primates: insights from the neuronal responses to snake images
Setogawa, T., Matsumoto, J., Nishijo, H., & Nishimaru, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1462961 · Cited by 9
Chapter 3.3 A behavioral and neural systems comparison of unconditioned and conditioned defensive behavior
Canteras, N. S., & Blanchard, D. C. (2008) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s1569-7339(07)00009-4 · Cited by 6
Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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Control of defensive behavior by the nucleus of Darkschewitsch GABAergic neurons
Zhao, H., Liu, J., Shao, Y., Feng, X., Zhao, B., Sun, L., Liu, Y., Zeng, L., Li, X., Yang, H., et al. (2024) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwae082 · Cited by 7
“Freezing, a defensive response common in rodents and other animals, has been employed as an important index for different fear studies including conditioned fear [1 –6 ] and innate fear [7 –11 ].”
Behavioral and Neurobiological Assessments of Predator-Based Fear Conditioning and Extinction
Halonen, J. D., Zoladz, P. R., Park, C. R., & Diamond, D. M. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2016.68033 · Cited by 6
“[14] Muller, J.”
Subthreshold Fear Conditioning Produces a Rapidly Developing Neural Mechanism that Primes Subsequent Learning
Cole, K. E., Lee, J., Davis, M., & Parsons, R. G. (2019) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0113-19.2019 · Cited by 4
“Muscimol, a GABA agonist, has been shown to be effective in disrupting fear learning when given into the BLA during conditioning (Helmstetter and Bellgowan, 1994; Muller et al., 1997), however when applied immediately after fear conditioning it is not effective in blocking the consolidation of fear memory (Wilensky et…”
Background
MicroRNAs in Basolateral Amygdala Associated with Stress and Fear Memories Regulate Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Rats
Balakathiresan, N. S., Bhomia, M., Zhai, M., Sweeten, B. L. W., Wellman, L. L., Sanford, L. D., & Knollmann-Ritschel, B. E. C. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11040489 · Cited by 5
Brain-Specific Deletion of GIT1 Impairs Cognition and Alters Phosphorylation of Synaptic Protein Networks Implicated in Schizophrenia SusceptibilityPreprint
Fass, D. M., Lewis, M. C., Ahmad, R., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/290312 · Cited by 5
Long-term memory is maintained by continuous activity of Arp2/3 in lateral amygdala
Basu, S., Alapin, J. M., Dines, M., & Lamprecht, R. (2019) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107115 · Cited by 4
Plasticity of amygdala neurons underlying fear learning and extinction
Morozov, A., & Ito, W. (2020) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815134-1.00006-4 · Cited by 5
Padrões de respostas defensivas de congelamento associados a diferentes transtornos de ansiedade
Landeira-Fernández, J., Cruz, A. P. D. M., & Brandão, M. L. (2006) · Psicologia USP · doi:10.1590/s0103-65642006000400010 · Cited by 4
Conditioned contextual fear memory to assess natural forgetting and cognitive enhancement in rats
Schuette, S. R. M., & Hobson, S. (2018) · Journal of Biological Methods · doi:10.14440/jbm.2018.256 · Cited by 5
“As a result, pharmacological interventions such as the NMDA receptor antagonist MK 801 or the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol [13-15] have commonly been used to disrupt memory, thereby providing an option to study memory enhancement.”
Background
Emotional Learning: Animals ☆
Maren, S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21090-0 · Cited by 5
Extended fear conditioning reveals a role for both N-methyl-d-aspartic acid and non-N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors in the amygdala in the acquisition of conditioned fear
Pistell, P. J., & Falls, W. A. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.012 · Cited by 4
Neural Basis of Fear Conditioning
Bush, D. E. A., Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470478509.neubb002039 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Amygdala contributions to fear and safety conditioning: insights into PTSD from an animal model across development
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A bidirectional corticoamygdala circuit for the encoding and retrieval of detailed reward memoriesPreprint
Sias, A. C., Morse, A. K., Wang, S. C., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.20.436233 · Cited by 4
Valence-dependent contribution by the basolateral amygdala to active but not inhibitory avoidance and reward-seeking
Dalton, G. L., Daly, I. D., & Floresco, S. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115503 · Cited by 5
“The bulk of this work has examined its critical involvement in the acquisition and expression of conditioned Pavlovian responses (behavioral arrest, freezing, suppression of reward-seeking) to stimuli predicting uncontrollable aversive events [27,29,39].”
Sleep Disturbances in PTSD
Wellman, L. L., Ross, R. J. M., & Sanford, L. D. (2016) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/64189 · Cited by 2
A Neurological Basis for the Observed Peripheral Sensory Modulation of Emotional Responses
Ruden, R. A. (2005) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1528/trau.2005.11.3.145 · Cited by 3
Minimizing Variability in Developmental Fear Studies in Mice: Toward Improved Replicability in the Field
Premachandran, H., Wilkin, J., & Arruda-Carvalho, M. (2024) · Current Protocols · doi:10.1002/cpz1.1040 · Cited by 3
“The amygdala is crucial for learning the association between CS and US (Cousens & Otto, 1998; Ehrlich et al., 2009; Maren, 2003; Maren et al., 1996; Muller et al., 1997; Orsini & Maren, 2012; Phelps & LeDoux, 2005) and is one of the first to mature, showing activity during fear behaviors from…”
Background
Neurobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Circuits, Genomics, and Treatment
Beatty, Z. G., Kearney, M. G., Ponomareva, O. Y., & Ressler, K. J. (2026) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-102124-033854 · Cited by 5
Differential involvement of amygdalar NMDA receptors across variants of contextual fear conditioning in adolescent rats
Miller, L. A., Heroux, N. A., & Stanton, M. E. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.012 · Cited by 2
“These studies have shown that lesions [24–27] inactivation via muscimol [16,17,28,29] and disruption of NMDA receptor plasticity within the BLA [1,30–32] prior to training impairs 24-hr retention of contextual fear.”

Authors: Muller, J., Corodimas, K. P., Fridel, Z., & LeDoux, J. E.
Affiliations: City College of New York (US)
New York University (US)
ORCID: LeDoux, Joseph E.
Venue: Behavioral Neuroscience
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1997-08
Volume: 111
Issue: 4
Pages: 683-691
ISSN: 0735-7044 (ISSN-L)
1939-0084
DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.111.4.683
OpenAlex: W2009915667
Cited by: 382
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 8.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Keywords: amygdala, lateral amygdala, basal amygdala, fear conditioning, muscimol, GABA-A receptor agonists, contextual fear, freezing behavior, fear acquisition, fear expression, neural inactivation
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Animals, Association Learning, Brain Mapping, Conditioning, Classical, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Fear, Male, Motor Activity, Muscimol, Mental Recall, Receptors, GABA-A, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, GABA Agonists, Rats

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Functional inactivation of the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala by muscimol infusion prevents fear conditioning to an explicit conditioned stimulus and to contextual stimuli.

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