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Functional inactivation of the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala by muscimol infusion prevents fear conditioning to an explicit conditioned stimulus and to contextual stimuli.
Abstract
The GABAa agonist, muscimol (0.5 microgram in 0.5 microliter saline), or vehicle was infused into the lateral and basal amygdala nuclei prior to fear conditioning or testing in rats. Rats given muscimol before conditioning and saline before testing showed much less freezing to the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the context than did controls given saline before training and testing. Rats given saline before training and muscimol prior to testing also showed low levels of freezing to the CS and the context. In follow-up procedures, rats with acquisition initially blocked by pretraining muscimol infusions froze in a manner similar to that of controls when retrained and retested with saline infusions. Rats trained with saline but tested with muscimol presumably became conditioned but could express the learning. When retested with saline, they froze in the same manner as controls. Thus, activity in the lateral and basal amygdala appears to play an essential role in the acquisition and expression of fear conditioning.
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“Several lines of indirect evidence support the idea that this plasticity occurs as a result of a Hebbian mechanism through which depolarization of LA pyramidal neurons by the shock US coincident with weaker activation of the same cells by auditory CS inputs results in fear learning (8–18).”
From Optical activation of lateral amygdala pyramidal cells instructs associative fear learning (2010) · cites this paper as [8]
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Duggins, P., & Eliasmith, C. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16338 · Cited by 2
“We note that empirical studies have drawn different conclusions about the effects of inhibiting pyramidal ‘ BLA ’ neurons in acquisition versus extinction (Laurent & Westbrook, 2008; Muller et al., 1997; Sierra-Mercado et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAdaptive communication between cell assemblies and “reader” neurons shapes flexible brain dynamics
Pompili, M. N., Todorova, R., Boucly, C. J., Leroux, E. M., Wiener, S. I., & Zugaro, M. (2025) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003505 · Cited by 13
Schafe, G. E. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415804-7.00013-7 · Cited by 4
Maren, S. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370509-9.00129-7 · Cited by 2
Neurochemistry/Neuropharmacology of Fear and Fear Conditioning
Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30405-2_18 · Cited by 2
Self-citationWaite, L., Bonardi, C., Hock, R. M., Owusu-Amoah, N., Taylor, C., Stevenson, C. W., & Cassaday, H. J. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.035 · Cited by 1
Modulation of the Core Neural Network in Stress: The Role of Endocannabinoids and LTD
Bennett, M. R., & Lagopoulos, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91116-8_5 · Cited by 1
Hegoburu, C., Denoroy, L., Mouly, A., & Parrot, S. (2014) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/57490 · Cited by 1
“Intra-amygdala infusion of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol before training impairs learning [36, 37].”
BackgroundRajbhandari, A. K., Tribble, J. E., & Fanselow, M. S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21100-0 · Cited by 2
The Mechanism of Fear at Behavior, Brain Circuits and Molecular Level
Chen, Y. (2019) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/201913101007 · Cited by 1
Kerimoglu, C. (2012) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-3197 · Cited by 1
Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471214426.pas0313 · Cited by 1
Self-citationHernández-Jaramillo, A., Illescas-Huerta, E., & Sotres-Bayón, F. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573462 · Cited by 1
“…involvement aligns with the role of BLAs in threat and reward processing as well as their ability to modulate approach-avoidance conflicts (Muller et al., 1997; Shabel and Janak, 2009; Choi and Kim, 2010; Sierra-Mercado et al., 2011; Amir et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2016; Piantadosi et al.,…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe role of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in auditory fear conditioning
Blair, H. T., Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., Bauer, E. P., Rodrigues, S. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511541681.016
Self-citationPavlova, I. V., & Rysakova, M. P. (2015) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-015-0057-0
“On acquisition of conditioned reflex fear, administration of muscimol into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala before combinations could impair the acquisition of freezing [11, 19].”
Background정지운, 김문수, & Lim, H. M. (2008) · 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 · doi:10.22172/cogbio.2008.20.4.006
Biological Models of Associative Learning
Kim, J. J., Thompson, R. F., & Steinmetz, J. E. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop203019
Konsumenci z perspektywy neuronauki poznawczej. Wybrane zagadnienia
Szymusiak, H. (2022) · doi:10.18559/978-83-8211-102-6 · Cited by 1
Assessment of Epigenetic profile in Alzheimer's disease
Agbemenyah, H. Y. (2012) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-3213
Winstanley, J. (2006) · doi:10.1007/978-0-230-20818-6_1
Émotions et sommeil paradoxal : étude comportementale, fonctionnelle et anatomique chez la souris
Rosier, M. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/18fbbb85zbcdcz4c31zabe2zd1d91cdf4659
Neuronal basis of decision-making under opposed valence affective states
Azraoui, A. E. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/deeb43a5z6accz4998z8619z6a33d6f4be8e
Al‐Smadi, S., Rimstad, L., Scavuzzo, C. J., Treit, D., & Dickson, C. T. (2026) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2026.108186
Bae, Y., Robinson, P. K., & Trask, S. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116364
Metadata
- Authors
- Muller, J., Corodimas, K. P., Fridel, Z., & LeDoux, J. E.
- Affiliations
- City College of New York (US)
- New York University (US)
- ORCID
- LeDoux, Joseph E.
- Venue
- Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 1997-08
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 683-691
- ISSN
- 0735-7044 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0084
- OpenAlex
- W2009915667
- Cited by
- 382
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 8.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- amygdala, lateral amygdala, basal amygdala, fear conditioning, muscimol, GABA-A receptor agonists, contextual fear, freezing behavior, fear acquisition, fear expression, neural inactivation
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Association Learning, Brain Mapping, Conditioning, Classical, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Fear, Male, Motor Activity, Muscimol, Mental Recall, Receptors, GABA-A, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, GABA Agonists, Rats
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