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Hurt feelings: The neglected emotion.
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“Although the experience of social rejection is commonly accompanied by reports of various emotions (e.g., fear, sadness, anger, anxiety, and shame), it is generally assumed that these feelings cumulatively give rise to a unique experience of ' social pain ' (35 -37).”
From Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain (2011) · cites this paper as [35]
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Panksepp, J. (2005) · Journal of Cancer Pain & Symptom Palliation · doi:10.1300/j427v01n01_08 · Cited by 24
Spoiling for a fight: A relational model of daily work‐family balance satisfaction
Wan, M., Shaffer, M. A., Singh, R., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12368 · Cited by 18
Hudd, T., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104121 · Cited by 14
Family emotional expressiveness and family structure
Konrad, S. Č. (2016) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi1604319c · Cited by 12
Gamian-Wilk, M., & Madeja-Bień, K. (2018) · Precision manufacturing · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5154-8_2-1 · Cited by 18
Hudd, T., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10263-z · Cited by 18
Nichols, A., & Webster, G. D. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.013 · Cited by 12
Hager, F. W. (2018) · International Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.20472/bm.2018.6.2.003 · Cited by 19
“…happiness, contentment or serenity are associated with the existence of close social relation-ships, while a lack or loss of social relationships can be associated with feelings of anxiety, loneliness, and social isolation (Yildirim & Kocabiyik, 2010; Leary et al. 2001; Leary & Springer, 2001).”
BackgroundCorns, J. (2014) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2014.984614 · Cited by 12
Üztemur, S., Lin, C., Gökalp, A., Kartol, A., Avcı, G., & Pakpour, A. H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-04119-9 · Cited by 16
“Being prone to emotional hurt 94 , interpersonal trust 95 , fear of negative evaluation 96 , and fear of privacy invasion 97 can be considered antecedents of users’ sharing anxiety on SNSs 18,93,98 .”
Lindner, M. (2023) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-023-00219-w · Cited by 15
“People who feel that another person does not value their relationship as much as they expect often become hurt and angry, and sometimes turn to aggressive tactics (Leary, Haupt, Strausser, & Chokel, 1998; Leary and Springer, 2001).”
BackgroundComparing multimodal physiological responses to social and physical pain in healthy participants
Jang, E.-H., Eum, Y.-J., Yoon, D., Sohn, J., & Byun, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1387056 · Cited by 10
“Pain can be evoked by mixing different emotions, such as fear and sadness (72) and may be accompanied by other emotions [e.g., fear, sadness, anger, anxiety, and shame (27, 73)].”
BackgroundThe Relations Between Secrecy, Rejection Sensitivity and Autonomy-Connectedness
Wismeijer, A. A. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., & Bekker, M. H. J. (2014) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2013.862200 · Cited by 10
“Rejection sensitivity was assessed using the Hurt Feelings Scale (HFS; Leary & Springer, 2001).”
MethodBelonging, Togetherness and Food Rituals
Rokach, A. (2020) · Open Journal of Depression · doi:10.4236/ojd.2020.94007 · Cited by 16
“When addressing belonging, the literature indicates that it is not the quantity but the quality of relationships that matter and which plays a significant role in creating a nurturing and inclusive relationship while Facebook “friends” could never do that (see Rokach, 2014). Cacioppo, Reis, & Zautra (2011) observed th…”
BackgroundInfluentialPanksepp, J. (2005) · Journal of Cancer Pain & Symptom Palliation · doi:10.3109/j427v01n01_08 · Cited by 9
Shabahang, R., Aruguete, M. S., Shim, H., & Chirani, B. M. (2022) · Interpersona An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.6711 · Cited by 7
“The scale has shown good psychometric properties (Leary & Springer, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodJarrett, N. L., Pickett, S. M., Amsbaugh, H. M., & Afzal, B. (2017) · Counseling and Values · doi:10.1002/cvj.12059 · Cited by 5
To text or talk: Does communication modality matter when providing criticism to others?
DeClerck, D., & Holtzman, S. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.011 · Cited by 10
Effects of Workplace Incivility, Negative Affectivity and Hurt Feelings on Coworker Helping
Ismail, I. R., Poon, J. M. L., & Arshad, R. (2018) · UKM Journal Article Repository (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) · Cited by 7
Hurt Feelings: Distinguishing Features, Functions, and Overview
Vangelisti, A. L. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.002 · Cited by 7
When Love Hurts: Understanding Hurtful Events in Couple Relationships
Feeney, J. A. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.016 · Cited by 7
Feeney, J. A. (2005) · E-Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.7790/ejap.v1i1.8 · Cited by 7
Adult Attachment and Conflict Behavior: Delineating the Links
Feeney, J. A. (2018) · Acta de Investigación Psicológica · doi:10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2011.2.205 · Cited by 7
“Ratings by victims indicate that hurt feelings are not simply reducible to other negative emotions, although other negative emotions do often arise (Leary & Springer, 2001).”
BackgroundClassifying social and physical pain from multimodal physiological signals using machine learning
Jang, E.-H., Eum, Y.-J., Yoon, D., & Byun, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-12476-8 · Cited by 8
“We defined social pain as the loss of a loved one to death, which could result in tremendous pain owing to the loss of access to a particular relational partner 64 , and physical pain as a physical sensation that causes discomfort.”
Hurt Feelings in Adult Friendships
Fehr, B., & Harasymchuk, C. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.015 · Cited by 6
The Distinctive Constitution of Feeling Hurt
Hardecker, D. J. K. (2019) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000390 · Cited by 6
The Validity of the Relational Conflict Model
Bokar, L., Sells, J. N., Giordano, F., & Tollerud, T. R. (2010) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/1066480710387250 · Cited by 6
“Regardless of the duration, frequency, or magnitude of the hurt feelings, relationships are affected (Leary & Springer, 2001; Leary, Springer, Negel, Ansell, & Evans, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialAlone Together and Angry: Misogynistic Extremism as Coalitional Bargaining for Sexual AccessPreprint
Lindner, M. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pve8u · Cited by 6
Social Pain and the Brain: How Insights from Neuroimaging Advance the Study of Social Rejection
Pond, R. S., Richman, S. B., Chester, D. S., & DeWall, N. (2014) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/58271 · Cited by 5
Marlow, M. L. (2016) · Journal of Multicultural Discourses · doi:10.1080/17447143.2016.1250767 · Cited by 5
Comparing Romantic Partners' Perceptions of Hurtful Communication During Conflict Conversations
Young, S. L., Bippus, A. M., & Dunbar, N. E. (2015) · Southern Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/1041794x.2014.941113 · Cited by 5
“Hurtful communication is a common phenomenon in relationships (Leary & Springer, 2001), especially between romantic partners (Miller, 1997).”
BackgroundDealing with Hurt: An Assessment of Dispositional Style and Ethnicity in Coping Strategies
Cater, T. E., May, L. N., & Byrd, D. A. (2012) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-012-9135-4 · Cited by 5
“For example, Leary and Springer (2001) asked university students to rate how often they were hurt by others.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Longitudinal Investigation of the Friendship Model of Relational Interdependent Self-Construal
Morry, M. M., Hall, A., Mann, S., & Kito, M. (2014) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2014.914883 · Cited by 7
“Individuals who are ostracized by others, typically strangers, report hurt feelings (Leary & Springer, 2001) and lower levels of belonging and self-esteem (Williams & Sommer, 1997).”
BackgroundThe heart of social pain: examining resting blood pressure and neural sensitivity to exclusion
Dembling, S. J., Abaya, N. M., Gianaros, P. J., & Inagaki, T. K. (2025) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaf025 · Cited by 4
“Trait measures were assessed using Mehrabian’s Sensitivity to Rejection Scale (MSR; Mehrabian 1970), Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE; Leary 1983), and Hurt Feelings Scale (HFS; Leary and Springer 2001) following the multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan.”
The power of ostracism: Can personality influence reactions to social exclusion?
Waldrip, A. M. (2007) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington) · Cited by 4
Allan, G. A., & Harrison, K. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.011 · Cited by 4
Dryden, W., & Hurton, N. R. (2013) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-013-0169-9 · Cited by 4
“To some extent, the aggressive or aversive nature of the majority of these unactedon tendencies could have been expected, given the association between hurt and anger, and that when people feel hurt they often want to retaliate and ‘‘hurt the person who hurt them’’ (Leary and Springer 2001: 171).”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial pain: A systematic review on interventions
Brooks, B. M., Cordero, F. J., Alchermes, S. L., & Brooks, B. M. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.159561.1 · Cited by 3
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Cristóbal-Narváez, P., Fernandez, M. F., Rueda, M. J., & Aparicio, L. (2025) · IMISCOE research series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82352-7_5 · Cited by 3
Hall, E. D., Zhang, Y., Wolfe, B. H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075251333239 · Cited by 3
“On the other, research suggests that social pain experienced in the context of a speci fi c relationship (e.g., family) can motivate people to seek support from trusted others or to pursue new relationships (Dorrance Hall, 2018; Leary & Springer, 2001).”
Marici, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1646458 · Cited by 5
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Tade, O., & Aiyebo, O. E. (2014) · South African Review of Sociology · doi:10.1080/21528586.2014.887915 · Cited by 4
Khalid, S., Batool, S., & Zaman, S. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00318-z · Cited by 3
Contextualizing Experiences of Hurt Within Close Relationships
McLaren, R. M., & Solomon, D. H. (2014) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463373.2014.911766 · Cited by 3
“We chose the time period of two weeks based on previous studies finding that participants reported being hurt each seven to ten days (Leary & Springer, 2001; Theiss et al., 2009).”
MethodThe Behavioural and Psychological Effects of Ostracism In Adolescence and Emerging-Adulthood.
Pharo, H. (2012) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago) · Cited by 3
Gao, R., & Wei, X. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03846-y · Cited by 3
“Several longitudinal studies confirm that individuals who experienced social hurt early in life have significantly smaller social networks in adulthood compared to those without such trauma, and this difference does not naturally disappear with age [30].”
Personalizers’ Responses to Hurt: Do Intensity and Intentionality Mediate Relational Distancing?
Young, S. L., Fiori, K., & Ortega, V. C. (2023) · Southern Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/1041794x.2023.2165704 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, the theory of relational devaluation (Leary & Springer, 2001; MacDonald & Leary, 2005) argues that the emotion of hurt is experienced when individuals feel “that another individual does not regard his or her relationship with the person to be as important, close, or valuable as the…”
BackgroundSocial Exclusion and Sexual Objectification Among 18- to 30-Year-Old Men in Kosovo
Borinca, I. (2016) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-016-9351-4 · Cited by 3
Sufferers from olfactory reference disorder: lonely, depressed and socially pained?
Reuter, J., Grocholewski, A., & Steil, R. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06434-2 · Cited by 2
“Indeed, experiences of social disconnection such as social rejection, exclusion, separation from or loss of a loved one elicit feel - ings of “hurt” (Leary & Springer, 2001) that are reported just as painful as experiences of physical pain (Chen et al., 2008 ; MacDonald & Leary, 2005).”
Assessing Context-Specific Attributions During Couples’ Conflict Interactions
Backer-Fulghum, L. M., Anders, C. A., & Sanford, K. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116662909 · Cited by 2
“…soft emotion is associated with the desire for closeness, intimacy, and commitment (Clark, Pataki, & Carver, 1996; Leary & Springer, 2001; Sanford, 2007b), and with perceptions of being devalued (Leary & Springer, 2001), soft emotion should also be correlated with making negative attributions.”
BackgroundRecchia, H. E., Wainryb, C., Dirks, M. A., Riedel, M., & Bodington, M. R. (2019) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12428 · Cited by 2
Hull, K. S. (2015) · OpenCommons at University of Connecticut (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 2
Embracing the screen of mediated environments
Wotipka, C. D., High, A. C., McLaren, R. M., Afifi, W. A., Afifi, T. D., & Bianchi, A. J. (2016) · doi:10.17077/etd.v6kqvg0k · Cited by 3
“…emotional injury (Folkes, 1982) and is associated with numerous negative outcomes for those involved in a relationship, such as a deterioration of intimacy, closeness, and satisfaction (Feeney, 2004; Leary & Springer, 2001; Mills, Nazar, & Farrell, 2002; Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson, & O’Connor, 1987).”
BackgroundUnderstanding Grudges: The Interplay Between Hurt Feelings and Anger
Li, J. S., Struthers, C. W., Ferrer, J., AlMakadma, O., Zhou, K. W., & Rebrov, D. O. (2026) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251414770 · Cited by 1
How humiliation reconstructs (or ruins) the entrepreneurial self
Goldsby, M. G., & Kuratko, D. F. (2026) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-026-01199-3 · Cited by 1
“This gap is not inherently problematic because entrepreneurial storytelling, promotion, and sensegiving have long been understood as tools for mobilizing support and translating imagined futures into collective action (Lounsbury & Glynn, 2001; Leary & Springer, 2001).”
The affective cost of spending: neuroeconomic and experimental evidence on the pain of paying
Robitaille, N., Plaßmann, H., Mažar, N., & Lindner, A. (2026) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107671 · Cited by 2
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“…et al., 1994), perceived social support (Zimet et al., 1988), need to belong (Leary et al., 2013), proneness to hurt feelings (in social contexts; Leary & Springer, 2001), blushing propensity (in social contexts; Leary & Meadows, 1991), and posttask rumination (Zoccola et al., 2008; all measures…”
BackgroundEffects of Imagined Social Rejection and Acceptance across Varying Relationships.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Leary, M. R., & Springer, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University (US)
- University of Memphis (US)
- ORCID
- Leary, Mark R.
- Venue
- Behaving badly: Aversive behaviors in interpersonal relationships.
- Publisher
- American Psychological Association
- Published
- 2001
- Pages
- 151-175
- OpenAlex
- W2498370358
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 10.44
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychological Association eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- hurt feelings, emotions, emotional neglect, emotional expression
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