Cited by 232Emotions and Moral BehaviorForgiveness and Related BehaviorsDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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Hurt feelings: The neglected emotion.

Leary, Mark R., Springer, Carrie A.·2001·Behaving badly: Aversive behaviors in interpersonal relationships.

DOI 10.1037/10365-006

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Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain.
MacDonald, G., & Leary, M. R. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202 · Cited by 1,712
“The acute emotional distress felt in response to relational devaluation is known as hurt feelings (Leary & Springer, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Affective consciousness: core emotional feelings in animals and humans.
Panksepp, J. (2005) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2004.10.004 · Cited by 1,217
The pain of social disconnection: examining the shared neural underpinnings of physical and social pain
Eisenberger, N. I. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3231 · Cited by 1,016
Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: A multimotive model
Smart Richman, L., & Leary, M. R. (2009) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0015250 · Cited by 942
Self-citation
Construct validity of the need to belong scale: mapping the nomological network
Leary, M. R., Kelly, K. M., Cottrell, C. A., & Schreindorfer, L. S. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.819511 · Cited by 855
“Similarly, given that people’s feelings are hurt when they believe that others do not adequately value having relationships with them (Leary & Springer, 2001), people who are high in the need to belong might experience hurt feelings more frequently than people who are low.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain
Kross, E., Berman, M. G., Mischel, W., Smith, E. E., & Wager, T. D. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1102693108 · Cited by 689
Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings
Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. (2003) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.10061 · Cited by 691
“People who feel that another individual does not value their relationship as much as they would like often become hurt and angry, and sometimes behave aggressively [Leary and Springer, 2001; Leary et al., 1998].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Alone but feeling no pain: Effects of social exclusion on physical pain tolerance and pain threshold, affective forecasting, and interpersonal empathy.
DeWall, C. N., & Baumeister, R. F. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.1 · Cited by 529
“For example, people may report feeling hurt or crushed following the dissolution of a meaningful relationship (Leary & Springer, 2000).”
Background
The neural bases of social pain: Evidence for shared representations with physical pain
Eisenberger, N. I. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182464dd1 · Cited by 492
Acetaminophen Reduces Social Pain: Behavioral and Neural Evidence
DeWall, C. N., MacDonald, G., Webster, G. D., Masten, C. L., Baumeister, R. F., Powell, C., Combs, D., Schurtz, D. R., Stillman, T. F., Tice, D. M., et al. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610374741 · Cited by 486
“Leary and Springer (2001) showed that this measure of hurt feelings relates specifically to the experience of social exclusion and cannot be reduced to other negative emotions.”
BackgroundMethod
Social Pain and the Brain: Controversies, Questions, and Where to Go from Here
Eisenberger, N. I. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115146 · Cited by 417
“…that sensory-related regions are also involved in social pain, as somatic symptoms are often reported following social pain (Gudmundsdottir 2009, Leary & Springer 2001), and some studies have shown activation in sensory-related neural regions (PI, S2) following social rejection (Fisher et al.…”
Background
Ostracism in everyday life.
Nezlek, J. B., Wesselmann, E. D., Wheeler, L. S., & Williams, K. D. (2012) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0028029 · Cited by 331
“Individuals who have been rejected report hurt feelings (Leary & Springer, 2001), are more aggressive (Twenge, Baumeister, Tice, & Stucke, 2001), and are less prosocial (Twenge, Baumeister, DeWall, Ciarocco, & Bartels, 2007).”
Background
Settling for less out of fear of being single.
Spielmann, S. S., MacDonald, G., Maxwell, J. A., Joel, S., Peragine, D. E., Muise, A., & Impett, E. A. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034628 · Cited by 338
Thwarting the Need to Belong: Understanding the Interpersonal and Inner Effects of Social Exclusion
Baumeister, R. F., Brewer, L. E., Tice, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00020.x · Cited by 312
“Leary et al. (1998; also Leary & Springer, 2000) showed that people associate social rejection with the familiar experience of having one’s feelings hurt and that these feelings are defined by negative mood as well as the emotions of hostility and anxiety.”
Background
Human Cognitive Processing
(2013) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp · Cited by 239
Hurt feelings in couple relationships: Exploring the role of attachment and perceptions of personal injury
Feeney, J. A. (2005) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00114.x · Cited by 195
“Leary (2001) has argued that the defining feature is perceived relational devaluation; that is, the tar-get’s perception that the offender regards the relationship as less valuable, important, or close than the target would like.”
Influential
Language exclusion and the consequences of perceived ostracism in the workplace.
Hitlan, R. T., Kelly, K. M., Schepman, S., Schneider, K. T., & Zárate, M. A. (2006) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.10.1.56 · Cited by 185
“…negative outcomes, including sadness (Atlas & Morier, 1994), loneliness (Jones, 1990), hurt feelings (Leary, Springer, Negal, Ansell, & Evans, 1998; Leary & Springer, 2001), social anxiety (Baumeister & Tice, 1990; Beck, Laude, & Bohnert, 1974), depression (Coie, Terry, Zakriski, & Lochman, 1995),…”
Experiences and interpersonal consequences of hurt feelings and anger.
Lemay, E. P., Overall, N. C., & Clark, M. S. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030064 · Cited by 175
Why Does It Hurt?
Vangelisti, A. L., Young, S. L., Carpenter‐Theune, K. E., & Alexander, A. L. (2005) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650205277319 · Cited by 180
Analysis of physiological signals for recognition of boredom, pain, and surprise emotions
Jang, E.-H., Park, B.-J., Park, M.-S., Kim, S.-H., & Sohn, J.-H. (2015) · Journal of Physiological Anthropology · doi:10.1186/s40101-015-0063-5 · Cited by 159
Empathy gaps for social pain: Why people underestimate the pain of social suffering.
Nordgren, L. F., Banas, K., & MacDonald, G. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020938 · Cited by 155
Decreased ventral anterior cingulate cortex activity is associated with reduced social pain during emotional support
Onoda, K., Okamoto, Y., Nakashima, K., Nittono, H., Ura, M., & Yamawaki, S. (2009) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910902955884 · Cited by 159
“It should also be noted that social pain can motivate people to seek support from others or to pursue new relationships (Leary & Springer, 2001; Maner, DeWall, Baumeister, & Schaller, 2007).”
Background
Belongingness as a Core Personality Trait: How Social Exclusion Influences Social Functioning and Personality Expression
DeWall, C. N., Deckman, T., Pond, R. S., & Bonser, I. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00695.x · Cited by 170
Characteristics and Consequences of Interpersonal Complaints Associated with Perceived Face Threat
Cupach, W. R., & Carson, C. L. (2002) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407502019004047 · Cited by 143
The single-item need to belong scale
Nichols, A., & Webster, G. D. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.018 · Cited by 134
“…affect: a = .88; negative affect: a = .88; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988 ), social anxiety (a = .85; Leary, 1983 ), hurt feelings (a = .50; Leary & Springer, 2001 ), affiliation (a = .92; emotional support: a = .72; attention: a = .81; positive stimulation: a = .83; social comparison: a =…”
Broken Hearts and Broken Bones: A Neural Perspective on the Similarities Between Social and Physical Pain
Eisenberger, N. I. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721411429455 · Cited by 127
“However, given that somatic symptoms are often reported following experiences of social pain (Leary & Springer, 2001), it is possible that the sensory component of pain may contribute to social-pain experience as well.”
Background
Emotion Skills and Marital Health: The Association Between Observed and Self–Reported Emotion Skills, Intimacy, and Marital Satisfaction
Mirgain, S. A., & Córdova, J. V. (2007) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.9.983 · Cited by 114
Emotional Responses to Sexual and Emotional Infidelity: Constants and Differences Across Genders, Samples, and Methods
Sabini, J., & Green, M. C. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264012 · Cited by 111
“Leary and his collaborators (Leary & Springer, 2001; Leary, Springer, Negel, Ansell, & Evans, 1998; also see Jones, Moore, Schratter, & Negel, 2001) have argued, and gathered evidence for the claim, that having hurt feelings is a matter of pain triggered by “relationship devaluation.””
Background
Explaining Variation in Contemporaneous Responses to Hurt in Premarital Romantic Relationships: A Relational Turbulence Model Perspective
McLaren, R. M., Solomon, D. H., & Priem, J. S. (2011) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650210377896 · Cited by 97
“Hurt can negatively impact relationships by undermining intimacy and relationship satisfaction, possibly even prompting the dissolution of the association (e.g., Feeney, 2004; Leary & Springer, 2001; Mills, Nazar, & Farrell, 2002).”
Background
Understanding and Altering Hurt Feelings: An Attachment-Theoretical Perspective on the Generation and Regulation of Emotions
Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Lavy, S., & Cassidy, J. A. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.007 · Cited by 91
Negative emotions in supervisory relationships: The role of relational models
Game, A. (2008) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726708088998 · Cited by 82
Relationship Characteristics Associated with the Experience of Hurt in Romantic Relationships: A Test of the Relational Turbulence Model
Theiss, J. A., Knobloch, L. K., Checton, M. G., & Magsamen‐Conrad, K. (2009) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01364.x · Cited by 79
Social pain and hurt feelings
MacDonald, G. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.034 · Cited by 75
When Pain Does Not Heal: The Common Antecedents and Consequences of Chronic Social and Physical Pain
Riva, P., Wesselmann, E. D., Wirth, J. H., Carter‐Sowell, A. R., & Williams, K. D. (2014) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2014.917975 · Cited by 85
“Previous research showed that high levels of neuroticism were associated with the tendency to experience hurt feelings and negative emotional reactions to social separation (Leary & Springer, 2001).”
Background
When is negative emotion positive for relationships? An investigation of married couples and roommates
Sanford, K., & Rowatt, W. C. (2004) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00086.x · Cited by 77
Gender, socioeconomic status, age, and jealousy: Emotional responses to infidelity in a national sample.
Green, M. C., & Sabini, J. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.330 · Cited by 68
Differential neural processing of social exclusion and inclusion in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury and young adults with borderline personality disorder
Brown, R. C., Plener, P. L., Groen, G., Neff, D., Bonenberger, M., & Abler, B. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00267 · Cited by 67
Hard and soft emotion during conflict: Investigating married couples and other relationships
Sanford, K. (2007) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00142.x · Cited by 66
Once hurt, twice shy: Social pain contributes to social anxiety.
Fung, K., & Alden, L. E. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000223 · Cited by 62
Relational uncertainty and cortisol responses to hurtful and supportive messages from a dating partner
Priem, J. S., & Solomon, D. H. (2011) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01353.x · Cited by 60
“…are a common occurrence in romantic relationships, which can lead to negative outcomes including relational distancing, decreased intimacy and relationship satisfaction, and increased likelihood of relationship dissolution (e.g., Feeney, 2004; Leary & Springer, 2001; Mills, Nazar, & Farrell, 2002).”
Background
Ostracism and attachment orientation: Avoidants are less affected in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures
Yaakobi, E., & Williams, K. D. (2015) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12122 · Cited by 60
“…have indicated that the negative effects of being ostracized include aggressiveness (Warburton, Williams, & Cairns, 2006), increased hurt feelings (Leary & Springer, 2001), less prosocial behaviour (Twenge, Baumeister, DeWall, Ciarocco, & Bartels, 2007), decreased senses of belonging,…”
Background
Adding Insult to Injury: Social Pain Theory and Response to Social Exclusion
Williams, K. D., Forgas, J. P., & von Hippel, W. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203942888-12 · Cited by 58
Hurt Feelings among New Acquaintances: Moderating Effects of Interpersonal Familiarity
Snapp, C. M., & Leary, M. R. (2001) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407501183001 · Cited by 57
Self-citation
Lying, Cheating, Complaining, and Other Aversive Interpersonal Behaviors: A Narrative Examination of the Darker Side of Relationships
Kowalski, R. M., Walker, S., Wilkinson, R., Queen, A., & Sharpe, B. (2003) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075030204003 · Cited by 55
“As found in the present study, betrayal, lying, and teasing imply more relational devaluation (Leary et al., 1998; Leary & Springer, 2001).”
Result
Hurtful Family Environments: Links with Individual, Relationship, and Perceptual Variables
Vangelisti, A. L., Maguire, K., Alexander, A., & Clark, G. (2007) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750701543477 · Cited by 47
“Some theorists argue that hurt is a distinct emotion (Leary & Springer, 2001), whereas others suggest it is an emotion ‘‘blend’’ (Weiner, personal communication).”
Background
Culture, Interpersonal Stress, and Psychological Distress
Hashimoto, T., Mojaverian, T., & Kim, H. S. (2012) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022112438396 · Cited by 47
“Several studies have categorized various interpersonal stressors (e.g., Leary & Springer, 2001).”
Background
Emotions, communicative responses, and relational consequences of boundary turbulence
McLaren, R. M., & Steuber, K. R. (2012) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407512463997 · Cited by 47
The Dynamics of Face Loss Following Interpersonal Harm for Chinese and Americans
Liao, Y., & Bond, M. H. (2010) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022110361774 · Cited by 46
“We expect the episodes involving non-physical harm in the present study are comparable with theirs, and similar to what Leary and Springer (2001) have reported in American samples.”
Result
Experiencing social exclusion changes gut microbiota composition
Kim, C.-S., Shin, G.-E., Cheong, Y., Shin, J., Shin, D., & Chun, W. Y. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02023-8 · Cited by 46
Child and Parent Perceptions of Hurtful Messages
Mills, R. S. L., Nazar, J., & Farrell, H. M. (2002) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407502196001 · Cited by 48
The nature of hurt feelings: Emotional experience and cognitive appraisals.
Leary, M., & Leder, S. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.003 · Cited by 43
Self-citation
The link between developmental components (age and gender), need to belong and resources of self-control and feelings of happiness, and frequency of symptoms among Arab adolescents in Israel
Agbaria, Q., Ronen, T., & Hamama, L. (2012) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.03.009 · Cited by 45
“…of social rejection people with a strong need for social belonging tend to interpret the behavior of others as threatening and rejecting, and they may experience negative feelings such as anxiety, vulnerability, hostility and anger (Leary, Koch, & Hechenbleikner, 2001; Leary & Springer, 2001).”
Background
Appraisals and Distancing Responses to Hurtful Messages
McLaren, R. M., & Solomon, D. H. (2008) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650208315961 · Cited by 41
“Keywords: hurtful messages; hurt; emotion; appraisal theory Hurt feelings are a common occurrence in relationships; in one study, 60% of par-ticipants reported experiencing hurt feelings more than once a month, and 20% reported feeling hurt at least once a week (Leary & Springer, 2001).”
Background
Pain of Paying? A Metaphor Gone Literal: Evidence from Neural and Behavioral SciencePreprint
Mažar, N., Plaßmann, H., & Robitaille, N. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2901808 · Cited by 43
Differential neural processing of unpleasant haptic sensations in somatic and affective partitions of the insula in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)
Bonenberger, M., Plener, P. L., Groschwitz, R. C., Grön, G., & Abler, B. (2015) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.10.013 · Cited by 35
“, 1995) and the Hurt-Feeling-Scale (Leary and Springer, 2001).”
The predictive effects of fear of being single on physical attractiveness and less selective partner selection strategies
Spielmann, S. S., Maxwell, J. A., MacDonald, G., Peragine, D. E., & Impett, E. A. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519856701 · Cited by 36
“…romantic avoidance goals (adapted from Elliot, Gable, & Mapes, 2006), and a variety of constructs assessing interpersonal sensitivities, such as rejection sensitivity (Downey & Feldman, 1996), loneliness (Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980), and hurt feelings proneness (Leary & Springer, 2001).”
Background
The role of causal attribution in hurt feelings and related social emotions elicited in reaction to other's feedback about failure
Hareli, S., & Heß, U. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701541641 · Cited by 38
“Communicated explanations for failure, causal attribution and emotions In general, messages are emotionally hurtful if they imply a relational devaluation (Leary & Springer, 2001; Leary, Springer, Negel, Ansel, & Evans, 1998; Vangelisti, 1994).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
It will (never) stop hurting: Do repeated or chronic experiences of exclusion lead to hyper- or hyposensitive psychological responses?
Büttner, C. M., Jauch, M., Marinucci, M., Williams, K. D., Greifeneder, R., Riva, P., & Rudert, S. C. (2023) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221140002 · Cited by 39
“Hurt Proneness was measured using the six-items Hurt Proneness Scale (Leary & Springer, 2001) that assesses individual proneness and propensity in experiencing social pain (e.g., “My feelings are easily hurt”; 1 = not at all to 5 = very much; M = 3.42, SD = 0.82, Cronbach’s α = .81).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The optimal calibration hypothesis: how life history modulates the brain's social pain network
Chester, D. S., Pond, R. S., Richman, S. B., & DeWall, C. N. (2012) · Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnevo.2012.00010 · Cited by 37
“For instance, when vividly recalling a past episode of social rejection, one might say that he or she felt “hurt” or “crushed” (Leary and Springer, 2001).”
Background
Cultural Influences on the Causes and Experience of Hurt Feelings
Kowalski, R. M. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.022 · Cited by 33
Cross-cultural models of mental hurt emotion clusters
Lewandowska‐Tomaszczyk, B., & Wilson, P. A. (2021) · Cognitive linguistic studies in cultural contexts · doi:10.1075/clscc.14.07lew · Cited by 34
Alleviating Social Pain: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Forgiveness and Acetaminophen
Slavich, G. M., Shields, G. S., Deal, B., Gregory, A., & Toussaint, L. L. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz015 · Cited by 30
“The OSFM is a seven-item scale that assesses a person’s level of forgiveness toward a specific person who has wronged the individual (see Supplementary Material).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Implications of Reflected Appraisals of Interpersonal Insecurity for Suspicion and Power
Lemay, E. P., & Dudley, K. L. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209348380 · Cited by 31
“Participants completed a five-item measure of tendencies to experience hurt feelings (e.g., “My feelings are easily hurt,” “I am a sensitive person”; Leary & Springer, 2001; alpha = .82).”
Background
The neurobiology of social loss in animals: Some keys to the puzzle of psychic pain in humans.
Panksepp, J. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12351-001 · Cited by 33
Alone but feeling no pain: Effects of social exclusion on physical pain tolerance and pain threshold, affective forecasting, and interpersonal empathy
DeWall, C. N., & Baumeister, R. F. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e633982013-008 · Cited by 30
Putting on weight stigma: A randomized study of the effects of wearing a fat suit on eating, well‐being, and cortisol
Rodriguez, A. C. I., Heldreth, C. M., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21575 · Cited by 29
“Participants’ hurt feelings were assessed using eight items from the Leary and Springer Hurt Feelings Scale (26), such as, “My feelings were hurt” (a 5 0.”
MethodInfluential
An integrative contextual behavioral model of intimate relations
Kanter, J. W., Kuczynski, A. M., Manbeck, K. E., Corey, M. D., & Wallace, E. C. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.001 · Cited by 32
Imagined future social pain hurts more now than imagined future physical pain
Chen, Z., & Williams, K. D. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1861 · Cited by 27
Relational Messages, Perceptions of Hurt, and Biological Stress Reactions to a Disconfirming Interaction
Priem, J. S., McLaren, R. M., & Solomon, D. H. (2009) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650209351470 · Cited by 27
“Because of the documented sex differences in response to hurtful events (Leary & Springer, 2001; Leary et al., 1998), we conducted multigroup analyses to account for sex differences as we assessed model fit.”
BackgroundMethod
Neural Signatures of Social Inclusion in Borderline Personality Disorder Versus Non-suicidal Self-injury
Malejko, K., Neff, D., Brown, R. C., Plener, P. L., Bonenberger, M., Abler, B., & Graf, H. (2019) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-019-00712-0 · Cited by 31
Clarifying the Relationship Between Ostracism and Relational Devaluation
Gerber, J. P., & Wheeler, L. S. (2013) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2013.826619 · Cited by 27
The Couples Emotion Rating Form: psychometric properties and theoretical associations.
Sanford, K. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.411 · Cited by 27
“The Heartbreak of Social Rejection”: Young Children’s Expressions about How They Experience Rejection from Peers in ECEC
Nergaard, K. (2018) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575279.2018.1543650 · Cited by 26
“Leary and Springer (2001) describe hurt feelings as the acute emotional reactions that occur in response to such relational devaluations.”
Background
Gender and Willingness to Confront Hurtful Messages from Romantic Partners
Miller, C. W., & Roloff, M. E. (2005) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463370500101378 · Cited by 26
Development and validation of a new instrument to measure social pain
Stangier, U., Schüller, J. S., & Brähler, E. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87351-3 · Cited by 23
When Hurt Continues: Taking Conflict Personally Leads to Rumination, Residual Hurt and Negative Motivations Toward Someone Who Hurt Us
Miller, C. W., & Roloff, M. E. (2014) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463373.2014.890118 · Cited by 24
“As discussed previously, victims of hurtful messages often feel that they are devalued in the eyes of offenders and may feel that their relationships with offenders are threatened (e.g., Feeney, 2005; Leary & Leder, 2009; Leary & Springer, 2001; Leary et al., 1998; Shaver et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResult
Hurtful Episodes in Parent–Adolescent Relationships: How Accounts and Attributions Contribute to the Difficulty of Talking about Hurt
McLaren, R. M., & SILLARS, A. L. (2014) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.933244 · Cited by 24
“Research on hurtful messages and hurt feelings suggests that words and social acts can evoke emotional pain comparable to physical pain from bodily injury (Leary & Springer, 2000; Vangelisti & Hampel, 2010).”
Background
Not Simply “In Their Heads”: Individual Differences Associated With Victimization and Health1
Knack, J. M., Iyer, P. A., & Jensen‐Campbell, L. A. (2012) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00898.x · Cited by 24
Impact of partner phubbing on negative emotions: a daily diary study of mitigating factors
Frackowiak, M., Hilpert, P., & Russell, P. S. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04401-x · Cited by 40
“…has been argued to prompt feeling hurt, and promoting a surge in basic emotions, e.g., sadness and anger (Ren et al., 2018), especially in close relationships (e.g., Clark et al., 1996; Leary & Springer, 2001; Sanford, 2007), given that a fundamental human need for belonging is endangered.”
Background
Social isolation, cognitive decline, and cardiovascular disease risk
White, C. N., VanderDrift, L. E., & Heffernan, K. S. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.005 · Cited by 26
The psychobiology of social pain: Evidence for a neurocognitive overlap with physical pain and welfare implications for social animals with special attention to the domestic dog ( Canis familiaris )
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When “Sugar and Spice” Turn to “Fire and Ice”: Factors Affecting the Adverse Consequences of Relational Aggression among Adolescent Girls
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“Because mean and hurtful acts convey relational devaluation (Leary & Springer, 2001), they primarily pose a threat to positive face (Cupach & Carson, 2002).”
Background
Relational Communication and Understanding in Conversations About Hurtful Events Between Parents and Adolescents
McLaren, R. M., & Pederson, J. (2014) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12072 · Cited by 22
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“Generally, dissolving ties can be stressful; this signals that focal individuals devalue their former alters (Leary & Springer, 2001; MacDonald & Leary, 2005).”
Background
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“As Leary and Springer (2001) noted, “The potential for hurt feelings motivates people to protect their social relationships and.”
BackgroundResult
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Roles of Social Pain and Defense Mechanisms in Response to Social Exclusion: Reply to Panksepp (2005) and Corr (2005).
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“” Panksepp (2005) raised two caveats to some of the evidence presented in the target article (MacDonald & Leary, 2005) that were not therein discussed. The first relates to questions over the applicability of rat pup separation responses to other species, which we consider to be a potentially notable limitation. Of co…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
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“In addition, the beliefs that people have about hurtful events are highly pertinent in their own right as hurtful events have long-term consequences (Leary and Springer 2001) and the long-term consequences of emotional events tend to be more strongly influenced by the beliefs that people have about…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Predicting emotional reactions after being harmed by another
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Expanding intimacy theory: Vulnerable disclosures and partner responding
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“Relationship transgressions cause hurt feelings and vulnerability (Vangelisti, 2001) because the victim feels like the partner devalues the relationship (Leary & Springer, 2001).”
Background
Approaching the development of hurt feelings in childhood
Hardecker, D. J. K., & Haun, D. B. M. (2020) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2020.100796 · Cited by 16
Social Media Posting Anxiety
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Authors: Leary, M. R., & Springer, C. A.
Affiliations: Wake Forest University (US)
University of Memphis (US)
ORCID: Leary, Mark R.
Venue: Behaving badly: Aversive behaviors in interpersonal relationships.
Publisher: American Psychological Association
Published: 2001
Pages: 151-175
DOI: 10.1037/10365-006
OpenAlex: W2498370358
Cited by: 232
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 10.44
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychological Association eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: hurt feelings, emotions, emotional neglect, emotional expression

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