Cited by 1,727Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesTraumatic Brain Injury Research

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The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): development and validation

Foa, Edna B., Ehlers, Anke, Clark, David M., Tolin, David F., Orsillo, Susan M.·1999·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303

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Abstract

This article describes the development and validation of a new measure of trauma-related thoughts and beliefs, the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI), whose items were derived from clinical observations and current theories of post-trauma psychopathology. The PTCI was administered to 601 volunteers, 392 of whom had experienced a traumatic event and 170 of whom had moderate to severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Principal-components analysis yielded 3 factors: Negative Cognitions About Self. Negative Cognitions About the World, and Self-Blame. The 3 factors showed excellent internal consistency and good test-retest reliability; correlated moderately to strongly with measures of PTSD severity, depression, and general anxiety: and discriminated well between traumatized individuals with and without PTSD. The PTCI compared favorably with other measures of trauma-related cognitions, especially in its superior ability to discriminate between traumatized individuals with and without PTSD.

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Authors: Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
ORCID: Foa, Edna B.
Ehlers, Anke
Clark, David M.
Tolin, David F.
Orsillo, Susan M.
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1999-09
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: 303-314
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303
OpenAlex: W1990030246
Cited by: 1,727
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 10.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma-related cognitions, self-blame, negative self-cognitions, psychometric validation, PTSD symptom severity, depression, anxiety

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The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): development and validation

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