Cited by 1,727Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesTraumatic Brain Injury Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): development and validation

Foa, Edna B., Ehlers, Anke, Clark, David M., Tolin, David F., Orsillo, Susan M.·1999·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This article describes the development and validation of a new measure of trauma-related thoughts and beliefs, the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI), whose items were derived from clinical observations and current theories of post-trauma psychopathology. The PTCI was administered to 601 volunteers, 392 of whom had experienced a traumatic event and 170 of whom had moderate to severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Principal-components analysis yielded 3 factors: Negative Cognitions About Self. Negative Cognitions About the World, and Self-Blame. The 3 factors showed excellent internal consistency and good test-retest reliability; correlated moderately to strongly with measures of PTSD severity, depression, and general anxiety: and discriminated well between traumatized individuals with and without PTSD. The PTCI compared favorably with other measures of trauma-related cognitions, especially in its superior ability to discriminate between traumatized individuals with and without PTSD.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303

Cites

32 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Untitled work
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396
Untitled work
(1992) · Cited by 3,325
The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale
Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445 · Cited by 2,709
Self-citation
Assumptive Worlds and the Stress of Traumatic Events: Applications of the Schema Construct
Janoff‐Bulman, R. (1989) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.113 · Cited by 1,895
Stress-Response Syndromes
Horowitz, M. J. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2820-3_4 · Cited by 1,866

Show all 32 references

Sorted by citations

A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0 · Cited by 6,147
Self-citation
Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events
Park, C. L. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018301 · Cited by 3,174
Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research: Common Errors and Some Comment on Improved Practice
Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405282485 · Cited by 2,454
Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research.
Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959 · Cited by 2,197
Self-citation
Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder
Brewin, C. R., & Holmes, E. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(03)00033-3 · Cited by 1,132
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Yehuda, R. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra012941 · Cited by 1,134
Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: outcome at academic and community clinics
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., Cahill, S. P., Rauch, S. A. M., Riggs, D. S., Feeny, N. C., & Yadin, E. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.5.953 · Cited by 931
Posttraumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-science review
Nemeroff, C. B., Bremner, J. D., Foa, E. B., Mayberg, H. S., North, C. S., & Stein, M. B. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.07.005 · Cited by 675
Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms?
Moore, S. A., Zoellner, L. A., & Mollenholt, N. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.001 · Cited by 653
Anxiety disorders: Why they persist and how to treat them
Clark, D. M. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00048-0 · Cited by 556
Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges
Bryant, R. A. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20656 · Cited by 528
Cognitive Approaches to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Evolution of Multirepresentational Theorizing.
Dalgleish, T. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.228 · Cited by 498
A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, a self-help booklet, and repeated assessments as early interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder
Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Herbert, C., & Mayou, R. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.10.1024 · Cited by 485
Self-citation
Does Early Psychological Intervention Promote Recovery From Posttraumatic Stress?
McNally, R. J., Bryant, R. A., & Ehlers, A. (2003) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01421 · Cited by 636
Specificity of trait anxiety in anxiety and depression: Meta-analysis of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Knowles, K. A., & Olatunji, B. O. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101928 · Cited by 533
Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.001.0001 · Cited by 436
Cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma
Follette, V. M., Ruzek, J. I., & Abueg, F. R. (1998) · Cited by 404
Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research
Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2008) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/1942-9681.s.1.37 · Cited by 376
A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness.
Mueser, K. T., Rosenberg, S. D., Xie, H., Jankowski, M. K., Bolton, E. E., Lu, W., Hamblen, J. L., Rosenberg, H. J., McHugo, G. J., & Wolfe, R. S. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.2.259 · Cited by 393
The efficacy of exposure therapy for anxiety-related disorders and its underlying mechanisms: The case of OCD and PTSD
Foa, E. B., & McLean, C. P. (2016) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093533 · Cited by 360
Self-citation
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for PTSD in Children and Adolescents: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial
SMITH, P., YULE, W., PERRIN, S., TRANAH, T., DALGLEISH, T., & CLARK, D. M. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318067e288 · Cited by 355
Prolonged Exposure vs Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing vs Waiting List for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients With a Psychotic Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
van den Berg, D. P. G., de Bont, P. A. J. M., van der Vleugel, B. M., de Roos, C., de Jongh, A., Van Minnen, A., & van der Gaag, M. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2637 · Cited by 341
Relationships between trauma and psychosis: an exploration of cognitive and dissociative factors
Kilcommons, A. M., & Morrison, A. P. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00623.x · Cited by 341
Cognitive Changes During Prolonged Exposure Versus Prolonged Exposure Plus Cognitive Restructuring in Female Assault Survivors With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
Foa, E. B., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.5.879 · Cited by 339
Cognitive predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in children: results of a prospective longitudinal study
Ehlers, A., Mayou, R., & Bryant, B. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00126-7 · Cited by 335
Imaginal exposure alone and imaginal exposure with cognitive restructuring in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., Guthrie, R. M., Dang, S. T., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.4.706 · Cited by 325
A New Stress-Based Model of Political Extremism: Personal Exposure to Terrorism, Psychological Distress, and Exclusionist Political Attitudes
Canetti-Nisim, D., Halperin, E., Sharvit, K., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2009) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002709333296 · Cited by 329
Psychotherapies for PTSD: what do they have in common?
Schnyder, U., Ehlers, A., Elbert, T., Foa, E. B., Gersons, B. P. R., Resick, P. A., Shapiro, F., & Cloitre, M. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28186 · Cited by 319
Self-citation
Do cognitive models help in predicting the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder, phobia, and depression after motor vehicle accidents? A prospective longitudinal study.
Ehring, T., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.2.219 · Cited by 313
Self-citation
The trauma film paradigm as an experimental psychopathology model of psychological trauma: intrusive memories and beyond
James, E. L., Lau-Zhu, A., Clark, I. A., Visser, R. M., Hagenaars, M. A., & Holmes, E. A. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.010 · Cited by 300
A Socio‐interpersonal Perspective on PTSD: The Case for Environments and Interpersonal Processes
Maercker, A., & Horn, A. B. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1805 · Cited by 303
Validation of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Downes, A. J., Jumbe, S., Karatzias, T., Bisson, J. I., & Roberts, N. P. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12771 · Cited by 295
Cognitive vulnerabilities to the development of PTSD: a review of four vulnerabilities and the proposal of an integrative vulnerability model
Elwood, L. S., Hahn, K. S., Olatunji, B. O., & Williams, N. L. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.10.002 · Cited by 284
Meaning Making and Growth: New Directions for Research on Survivors of Trauma
Park, C. L., & Ai, A. L. (2006) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325020600685295 · Cited by 313
Phenomenology and psychological assessment of complex posttraumatic states
Briere, J., & Spinazzola, J. (2005) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20048 · Cited by 287
Cognitive Trauma Therapy for Battered Women With PTSD (CTT-BW).
Kubany, E. S., Hill, E., Owens, J. A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M. A., Tremayne, K. J., & Williams, P. L. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.1.3 · Cited by 280
Posttraumatic stress disorder following political imprisonment: the role of mental defeat, alienation, and perceived permanent change
Ehlers, A., Maercker, A., & Boos, A. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.1.45 · Cited by 274
Self-citation
A PILOT STUDY OF GROUP MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT) FOR COMBAT VETERANS WITH POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD): Research Article: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Combat PTSD
King, A. P., Erickson, T. M., Giardino, N. D., Favorite, T., Rauch, S. A. M., Robinson, E., Kulkarni, M., & Liberzon, I. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22104 · Cited by 266
Continuing Bonds, Risk Factors for Complicated Grief, and Adjustment to Bereavement
Field, N. P., & Filanosky, C. (2009) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180903372269 · Cited by 295
Patterns of emotion regulation and psychopathology
Eftekhari, A., Zoellner, L. A., & Vigil, S. A. (2009) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800802179860 · Cited by 249
Treating Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Bryant, R. A., Kenny, L., Joscelyne, A., Rawson, N., Maccallum, F., Cahill, C., Hopwood, S., Aderka, I., & Nickerson, A. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1600 · Cited by 253
Maladaptive self-appraisals before trauma exposure predict posttraumatic stress disorder.
Bryant, R. A., & Guthrie, R. M. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.5.812 · Cited by 250
Dissociation, trauma, and the role of lived experience: Toward a new conceptualization of voice hearing.
Longden, E., Madill, A., & Waterman, M. G. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0025995 · Cited by 248
Accounting for sex differences in PTSD: A multi-variable mediation model
Christiansen, D. M., & Hansen, M. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.26068 · Cited by 246
Restoring large-scale brain networks in PTSD and related disorders: a proposal for neuroscientifically-informed treatment interventions
Lanius, R. A., Frewen, P. A., Tursich, M., Jetly, R., & McKinnon, M. C. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.27313 · Cited by 246
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders
Waller, G., Cordery, H., Corstorphine, E., Hinrichsen, H., Lawson, R., Mountford, V. A., & Russell, K. N. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139644204 · Cited by 247
Cognitive change predicts symptom reduction with cognitive therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder
Kleim, B., Grey, N., Wild, J., Nussbeck, F. W., Stott, R., Hackmann, A., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031290 · Cited by 235
Self-citation
Reduced autobiographical memory specificity predicts depression and posttraumatic stress disorder after recent trauma.
Kleim, B., & Ehlers, A. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.2.231 · Cited by 246
Exploring the roles of emotional numbing, depression, and dissociation in PTSD
Feeny, N. C., Zoellner, L. A., Fitzgibbons, L. A., & Foa, E. B. (2000) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1007789409330 · Cited by 229
Social acknowledgment as a victim or survivor: A scale to measure a recovery factor of PTSD
Maercker, A. R. A., & Müller, J. (2004) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/b:jots.0000038484.15488.3d · Cited by 230
Change in negative cognitions associated with PTSD predicts symptom reduction in prolonged exposure.
Zalta, A. K., Gillihan, S. J., Fisher, A. J., Mintz, J., McLean, C. P., Yehuda, R., & Foa, E. B. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034735 · Cited by 219
Acute stress disorder: A handbook of theory, assessment, and treatment.
Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, A. G. (2000) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10346-000 · Cited by 219
A Scheme for Categorizing Traumatic Military Events
Stein, N. R., Mills, M. A., Hall, K. A. A., Mendoza, C., Borah, A. M., Resick, P. A., Litz, B. T., Belinfante, K., Borah, E. V., Cooney, J. A., et al. (2012) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445512446945 · Cited by 249
Systematic Review of Risk and Protective Factors for Revictimization After Child Sexual Abuse
Scoglio, A. A. J., Kraus, S. W., Saczynski, J. S., Jooma, S., & Molnar, B. E. (2019) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838018823274 · Cited by 211
Maladaptive Appraisals as a Risk Factor for Posttraumatic Stress
Bryant, R. A., & Guthrie, R. M. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01608.x · Cited by 201
Quantitative forecasting of PTSD from early trauma responses: A Machine Learning application
Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Karstoft, K.-I., Statnikov, A., & Shalev, A. Y. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.017 · Cited by 195
A prospective study of pre-trauma risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression
Wild, J., Smith, K. V., Thompson, E. S., Béar, F., Lommen, M. J. J., & Ehlers, A. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716000532 · Cited by 225
A randomized controlled trial of exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring for posttraumatic stress disorder
Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., Guthrie, R. M., Dang, S. T., Mastrodomenico, J., Nixon, R. D. V., Felmingham, K. L., Hopwood, S., & Creamer, M. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012616 · Cited by 195
A multisite randomized controlled effectiveness trial of cognitive processing therapy for military-related posttraumatic stress disorder
Forbes, D., Lloyd, D., Nixon, R. D. V., Elliott, P., Varker, T., Perry, D., Bryant, R. A., & Creamer, M. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.006 · Cited by 193
The valence of attentional bias and cancer-related rumination in posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among women with breast cancer
Chan, M. W. C., Ho, S. M. Y., Tedeschi, R. G., & Leung, C. W. L. (2011) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1761 · Cited by 192
Psychometric Properties of the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): A Replication With Motor Vehicle Accident Survivors.
Beck, J. G., Coffey, S. F., Palyo, S. A., Guðmundsdóttir, B., Miller, L. M., & Colder, C. R. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.3.289 · Cited by 190
Compassion-Based Therapy for Trauma-Related Shame and Posttraumatic Stress: Initial Evaluation Using a Multiple Baseline Design
Au, T. M., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., King, M. W., Petrocchi, N., Barlow, D. H., & Litz, B. T. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.012 · Cited by 225
A Review of the Role of Negative Cognitions About Oneself, Others, and the World in the Treatment of PTSD
Brown, L. A., Belli, G. M., Asnaani, A., & Foa, E. B. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9938-1 · Cited by 192
Development and validation of the Child Post‐Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI)
Meiser‐Stedman, R., Smith, P. A., Bryant, R. A., Salmon, K., Yule, W., Dalgleish, T., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01995.x · Cited by 186
Adaptive Disclosure: An Open Trial of a Novel Exposure-Based Intervention for Service Members With Combat-Related Psychological Stress Injuries
Gray, M. J., Schorr, Y., Nash, W., Lebowitz, L., Amidon, A., Lansing, A., Maglione, M., Lang, A. J., & Litz, B. T. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.09.001 · Cited by 258
Early predictors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in assault survivors
KLEIM, B., EHLERS, A., & GLUCKSMAN, E. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001006 · Cited by 217
Risk factors for mental disorders in women survivors of human trafficking: a historical cohort study
Abas, M., Ostrovschi, N. V., Prince, M. J., Gorceag, V. I., Trigub, C., & Oram, S. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-204 · Cited by 185
International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation
Tower, K. (2010) · Cited by 173
Prolonged exposure for PTSD in a Veterans Health Administration PTSD clinic
Rauch, S. A. M., Defever, E., Favorite, T., Duroe, A., Garrity, C., Martis, B., & Liberzon, I. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20380 · Cited by 171
Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (PCL-5)
Boysan, M., Guzel Ozdemir, P., Ozdemir, O., Selvi, Y., Yilmaz, E., & Kaya, N. (2017) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2017.1342769 · Cited by 170
Mom Power: preliminary outcomes of a group intervention to improve mental health and parenting among high-risk mothers
Muzik, M., Rosenblum, K. L., Alfafara, E. A., Schuster, M. M., Miller, N. M., Waddell, R. M., & Kohler, E. S. (2015) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-014-0490-z · Cited by 170
“Social–cognitive (Horowitz 1988; Janoff-Bulman and Frieze 1983) and information-processing theories (Foa et al. 1999) discuss trauma exposure’s impact on a person’s world view (safety, relational trust) and self-efficacy.”
Background
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Maltreated Youth: A Review of Contemporary Research and Thought
Kearney, C. A., Wechsler, A., Kaur, H., & Lemos-Miller, A. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-009-0061-4 · Cited by 169
The sense of self in the aftermath of trauma: lessons from the default mode network in posttraumatic stress disorder
Lanius, R. A., Terpou, B. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1807703 · Cited by 164
The Impact of Social Support and Negative Disclosure Reactions on Sexual Assault Victims: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Investigation
Littleton, H. (2010) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299730903502946 · Cited by 164
Randomized Trial Comparison of Emotion Regulation and Relational Psychotherapies for PTSD with Girls Involved in Delinquency
Ford, J. D., Steinberg, K. L., Hawke, J. M., Levine, J., & Zhang, W. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.632343 · Cited by 162
Changes in posttraumatic cognitions predict changes in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during cognitive processing therapy.
Schumm, J. A., Dickstein, B. D., Walter, K. H., Owens, G. P., & Chard, K. M. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000040 · Cited by 161
Posttraumatic stress disorder in the emergency room: exploration of a cognitive model
Laposa, J. M., & Alden, L. E. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00123-1 · Cited by 168
Mother–infant attachment and the intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorder
Enlow, M. B., Egeland, B. R., Carlson, E. A., Blood, E., & Wright, R. J. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000515 · Cited by 172
Towards a Cognitive–Behavioral Model of PTSD in Children and Adolescents
Meiser‐Stedman, R. (2002) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1020982122107 · Cited by 159
Maladaptive cognitive appraisals mediate the evolution of posttraumatic stress reactions: A 6-month follow-up of child and adolescent assault and motor vehicle accident survivors.
Meiser‐Stedman, R., Dalgleish, T., Glucksman, E., Yule, W., & Smith, P. A. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016945 · Cited by 157
The relationship between bullying, psychotic-like experiences and appraisals in 14–16-year olds
Campbell, M. L. C., & Morrison, A. P. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.11.009 · Cited by 158
The importance of the peritraumatic experience in defining traumatic stress.
Bovin, M. J., & Marx, B. P. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021353 · Cited by 156
The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders
Kearney, B. E., & Lanius, R. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1015749 · Cited by 154
“An ineffable disconnection from a sense of self is extensively reported in PTSD, such as “I am not myself,” and “I feel like an object, not a person” (Foa et al., 1999; Bluhm et al., 2009; Lanius et al., 2011, 2020).”
Background
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed college students: The role of trauma-related cognitions, gender, and negative affect
Moser, J. S., Hajcak, G., Simons, R. F., & Foa, E. B. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.10.009 · Cited by 168
Trauma centrality and PTSD symptom severity in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse
Robinaugh, D. J., & McNally, R. J. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20656 · Cited by 153
Self-Compassion and Responses to Trauma: The Role of Emotion Regulation
Scoglio, A. A. J., Rudat, D. A., Garvert, D., Jarmolowski, M., Jackson, C., & Herman, J. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515622296 · Cited by 142
Are 60-Minute Prolonged Exposure Sessions With 20-Minute Imaginal Exposure to Traumatic Memories Sufficient to Successfully Treat PTSD? A Randomized Noninferiority Clinical Trial
Nacasch, N., Huppert, J. D., Su, Y., Kivity, Y., Dinstein, Y., Yeh, R., & Foa, E. B. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.12.002 · Cited by 162
The relationship among cognitive schemas, job‐related traumatic exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder in journalists
Pyevich, C. M., Newman, E., & Daleiden, E. L. (2003) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1024405716529 · Cited by 152
Post-traumatic stress influences the brain even in the absence of symptoms: a systematic, quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
Stark, E. A., Parsons, C. E., Van Hartevelt, T. J., Charquero-Ballester, M., McManners, H., Ehlers, A., Stein, A., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.007 · Cited by 152
Bridging a translational gap: using machine learning to improve the prediction of PTSD
For members of the Jerusalem Trauma Outreach and Prevention Study (J-TOPS) group, Karstoft, K., Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., Statnikov, A., Li, Z., & Shalev, A. Y. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0399-8 · Cited by 152
WITNESSING THE EFFECTS OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN FAMILIES: MECHANISMS OF INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION AND CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS
Weingarten, K. (2004) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2004.tb01221.x · Cited by 147
Contribution of cognitive factors to the prediction of post-traumatic stress disorder, phobia and depression after motor vehicle accidents
Ehring, T. W., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.013 · Cited by 147
Changes in negative cognitions mediate PTSD symptom reductions during client-centered therapy and prolonged exposure for adolescents
McLean, C. P., Yeh, R., Rosenfield, D., & Foa, E. B. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.03.008 · Cited by 147
Victimization, Social Support, and Psychological Well-Being
Listwan, S. J., Colvin, M., Hanley, D., & Flannery, D. (2010) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854810376338 · Cited by 156
Reconsidering Emotion Dysregulation
D’Agostino, A., Covanti, S., Monti, M. R., & Starčević, V. (2017) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-017-9499-6 · Cited by 183
Treatment of Acute Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Bryant, R. A., Mastrodomenico, J., Felmingham, K. L., Hopwood, S., Kenny, L., Kandris, E., Cahill, C., & Creamer, M. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.6.659 · Cited by 145
Coping self-efficacy mediates the effects of negative cognitions on posttraumatic distress
Cieślak, R., Benight, C. C., & Lehman, V. C. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.03.007 · Cited by 143
The relationship between dissociation and voices: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Pilton, M., Varese, F., Berry, K., & Bucci, S. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.004 · Cited by 141
Assessment of Moral Injury in Veterans and Active Duty Military Personnel With PTSD: A Review
Koenig, H. G., Youssef, N. A., & Pearce, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00443 · Cited by 158
Psychological and Environmental Factors Associated with Partner Violence
Foa, E. B., Cascardi, M. A., Zoellner, L. A., & Feeny, N. C. (2000) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838000001001005 · Cited by 132

Authors: Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
ORCID: Foa, Edna B.
Ehlers, Anke
Clark, David M.
Tolin, David F.
Orsillo, Susan M.
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1999-09
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: 303-314
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303
OpenAlex: W1990030246
Cited by: 1,727
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 10.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma-related cognitions, self-blame, negative self-cognitions, psychometric validation, PTSD symptom severity, depression, anxiety

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): development and validation

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks