The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): development and validation
Abstract
This article describes the development and validation of a new measure of trauma-related thoughts and beliefs, the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI), whose items were derived from clinical observations and current theories of post-trauma psychopathology. The PTCI was administered to 601 volunteers, 392 of whom had experienced a traumatic event and 170 of whom had moderate to severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Principal-components analysis yielded 3 factors: Negative Cognitions About Self. Negative Cognitions About the World, and Self-Blame. The 3 factors showed excellent internal consistency and good test-retest reliability; correlated moderately to strongly with measures of PTSD severity, depression, and general anxiety: and discriminated well between traumatized individuals with and without PTSD. The PTCI compared favorably with other measures of trauma-related cognitions, especially in its superior ability to discriminate between traumatized individuals with and without PTSD.
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“As described above, one of the hallmark symptoms of PTSD involves alterations in cognition and mood, where individuals with PTSD frequently experience persistent negative trauma-related emotions and associated changes in perception of the self and the world (Foa et al., 1999; Cox et al., 2014; Frewen et al., 2017).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Foa et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“Internal consistency of the 21-items negative self subscale in the present sample was high, Cronbach's α = 0.93.”
From Early Linguistic Markers of Trauma-Specific Processing Predict Post-trauma Adjustment (2018) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“It is postulated that excessively negative appraisals tend to exaggerate the individual's sense of threat, thereby maintaining PTSD 104,105 .”
From Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [104]
In the citing paper
“Disturbed temporal binding of sensory information engenders perceptual chaos and lack of coherence, which may lead to bodily disconnect (“I feel dead inside”) as well as states of hypervigilance (“I have to be on guard all of the time”) ( Foa et al., 1999 ).”
From The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Foa et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“An ineffable disconnection from a sense of self is extensively reported in PTSD, such as “I am not myself,” and “I feel like an object, not a person” ( Foa et al., 1999 ; Bluhm et al., 2009 ; Lanius et al., 2011 , 2020 ).”
From The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Foa et al., 1999
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A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder
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Metadata
- Authors
- Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 1999-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 303-314
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- OpenAlex
- W1990030246
- Cited by
- 1,727
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 10.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma-related cognitions, self-blame, negative self-cognitions, psychometric validation, PTSD symptom severity, depression, anxiety
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