The early development of coercive family process.

“As such, harsh parenting is a risk factor for reduced prosocial behavior (Gershoff, 2002), and is considered as an important mechanism leading to the development of CP in children (Colins et al., 2021; Patterson, 2002; Paterson & Sanson, 1999).”

“…of three analogs of common parent–child interactions that vary in the amount of control parents are asked to wield over their children, knowing that parental attempts to obtain their children’s compliance are more likely to end in coercive power struggles and tantrums (e.g., Patterson, 2002).”

“These typically involve several, often correlated, aspects of parenting, including low warmth and low positivity, noncontingent and harsh punishment and lack of supervision (Patterson, 2002).”

“…can then be generalized to a classroom setting with teachers and peers in which the maladaptive behaviors may escalate to more severe disruptive behavioral problems—especially when there are classmates with behavioral problems (Kellam, Ling, Merisca, Brown, & Ialongo, 1998; Patterson, 2002).”

“…behaviors of the child are reinforced when they are effective in preventing discipline, resulting in decreased monitoring of the child and increasingly negative behaviors by the child within most interpersonal relationships, including those with teachers and peers (for example, Patterson, 2002).”

“b) behaviours of parent and child are mutually reinforced during interactions, and the negative behaviours reinforcing negative behaviours can lead to coercive cycles (Patterson, 2002).”

“Harsh and permissive discipline, although ineffective in the long-term, provides short-term relief from aversive child behavior (e.g., Patterson 2002).”

“A better understanding of the relations between negative parental attribution styles in infancy and children’s IPs is an important step toward preventing the maladaptive cascade of coercive interactions these attributions often initiate (Patterson, 2002).”

“…neurodevelopmental disorders, involving child characteristics such as emotion and behavior regulation that are influenced by genetic and biological processes, but also represent learned patterns of behavioral interactions with the environment such as coercive patterns of behavior (Patterson, 2002).”

“These findings are consistent with Western and Chinese theories of the development of disruptive behaviors in children (Lei et al. 2004; Liu et al. 1999b; Patterson 2002).”

“…addressed antisocial and aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents, explaining how such behaviour begins and develops with ‘dysfunctional parent-toddler interactions’ which then generalize to teachers, peers, and others in the child’s life (Patterson, 2002; Reid, Patterson, & Snyder, 2002).”

“…symptoms have been shown to lead to more mutually negative parent–child interactions (e.g. Cohn & Tronick, 1989; Field et al., 1989) and that negative parent–child interactions are often cascading in nature (e.g. Patterson, 2002) and can lead to poor child outcomes (e.g. Cole et al., 2003).”

“The families of aggressive children are often characterized by inconsistent discipline, lack of parental involvement, lack of warmth in parent-child exchanges (e.g., Pfiffner, McBurnett, Rathouz & Judice, 2005), and coercive family processes (Patterson, 1982; Patterson, 2002).”

“Coercive parenting has been established as an important predictor of juvenile delinquency in empirical studies (Patterson, 2002).”

“…that children with more externalizing and internalizing problems would also have parents who reported higher levels of negativity and lower levels of positivity (Patterson, 2002), although we did not have any hypothesis regarding whether these associations would differ for fathers and mothers.”

“) and aggression has been well established (Gershoff, 2002; Patterson, 2002).”

“Both the child and caregiver’s reactions are contingent upon each other, and, over time, the coercive social interactions are escalated by negative affect and limited problem solving, which in turn increase future negative child outcomes (Patterson, 2002).”

“We expected that the older the child, the unhealthier the interaction circuits [42].”

“Research on children with conduct problems and their families (Patterson, 2002; Patterson, De Baryshe, & Ramsey, 2000) as well as training programmes developed for parents of children with conduct problems, also emphasize the need for clear and consistent limit setting within discipline approaches (Carr, 1999; Webster…”

“In addition, according to Patterson (2002) it is further verified that through disruptive parenting practices and coercive exchanges with parents, children learn a pattern of coercive behaviors and fail to develop prosocial behavior.”

“Behavior theorists find that fathers of children who have fewer behavior problems reinforce positive behavior and avoid reinforcing negative behavior (Patterson, 2002).”

“Further, the coercion model highlighted that children ’ s emotional and social dif fi culties would lead to increases in harsh parenting (Patterson, 2002).”

“Secondly, Holding Hands relies on the body of theory and evidence amassed within social learning theory [46,47], attachment theory [44,45], operant conditioning [48], family systems theory [90,91] and coercive family process [36,49,50] for much of its content.”

“Breaking the cycle of attending to bad behaviour and focusing on the positives was a key determinant of success (Patterson, 2002).”

“In a coercive cycle, an argument between a child and caregiver escalates because both are trying to coerce each other into backing down, a dynamical interaction pattern which ‘traps’ them in a negative interaction spiral (Patterson, 2002).”

“Young men who enlist from dysfunctional families (Patterson, 2002) or have a history of childhood abuse (Bagley and Ramsey, 1986) may join the Army as a means of escaping from their situations (Busuttil, 2010).”

“High interparental conflict levels prior to adolescence among children with High Stable externalizing problems are in accordance with previous findings and developmental models of early onset externalizing problems (Odgers et al., 2008; Patterson, 2002).”

“…than proactive strategies (Clunies-Ross et al., 2008; Kim & Stormont, 2016; Shook, 2012) because reactive strategies are often immediately (negatively) reinforcing (i.e., the student stops the behavior or the behavior stops because the student is removed from the room; Patterson, 1982, 2002).”

“Coercion theory (Patterson, 2002) suggests that parent–child interactions can lead to coercive dynamics, where both parent and child may reinforce behavioural problems, resulting in increased difficulties.”

“…sollen die sogenannten Zwangsprozesse, in denen aus autoritärem, überrestriktivem Erzieherverhalten und oppositionellem Kindverhalten Teufelskreise entstehen, in denen sich Eltern zu Strafen und Überreaktionen hinreißen lassen, die sie später bereuen und nicht durchhalten (Patterson 1982, 2002).”

“This indicates that criminalized juveniles are more supported and accepted by mothers than delinquents with a smaller number of criminal offenses and is therefore consistent with Patterson’s socio-interaction theory (Patterson, 2002; Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992) of an early onset of delinquency development throug…”

“Harsh parenting is theorized to associate with later child AB through a number of processes, including a coercive cycle, in which discipline escalates to violence, and through parental modeling of aggressive tendencies and poor emotion regulation abilities (Labella & Masten, 2018; Patterson, 2002).”

“According to the coercive family process theory [22], negative parent–child interaction contributes to children’s aggressive behaviors [23].”

“…that long-term relations between parents and their adolescent children spanning years emerge from the daily reciprocal processes of parent-child interaction (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006; Patterson, 2002), and these daily reciprocal processes may vary across different adolescents (Pluess, 2015).”

“Prior research has suggested that coercive family processes are associated with an escalation of both internal-ising and externalising difficulties (Patterson, 2002; Speyer et al., 2022), whereas our findings using parent-reported data on internalising and externalising problems suggested the…”

“These parenting responses may reinforce children’s behaviors and, over time, lead to the child engaging in more externalizing behaviors (Patterson, 2002). have endorsed this item due to other difficulties children are experiencing beyond just externalizing problems.”

“(Patter- son, 2002).”

“Parenting practices comprise the different means parents adopt in order to educate and socialize their children (Parke & Buriel, 1998), the type of limit setting they exert over the child (Patterson, 2002), as well as the quality of emotions they express to their child (Boyum & Parke, 1995).”

“Infant Mental Health Journal published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health and is important for children’s successful socialization (Patterson, 2002; Snyder & Stoolmiller, 2002).”

“…lack of parental involvement, harsh punishment, and over-protective parenting (Aunola & Nurmi, 2005; McShane & Hastings, 2009; Jewell & Stark, 2003; Patterson, 2002; Thompson et al., 2003; Whaley et al., 1999; Wolfradt et al., 2003), while warmth and democratic parenting support greater…”

“…[52,57-59]; for example, these studies described implementing skills such as parental communication, effective parent-child interaction, monitoring, and limit setting to improve parental responses to child behaviors considered problematic, which is a tenet central to the coercion model [62].”

“…more supportive prosocial ways with each other (Futris et al., 2020) parallels the recommended parenting strategies for breaking the coercive cycle (Patterson, 2002) and may explain these concurrent programme effects on reduced punitive parenting and no worsening of child aggression over time…”

“For example, parents might refrain from showing their child that he or she is loved and accepted, which can have dire implications for the child’s self-esteem (DeHart, Pelham & Tennen 2006; Paczkowski & Baker 2007; Waldfogel, Craigie & Brooks-Gunn 2010) or even heighten the child’s risk of suffering from psychological…”

“C’est le cas du modèle transactionnel développé par Sameroff et Fiese (1990) et du modèle de coercition proposé par Patterson (2002).”

“parent-child interaction in determining different behavioral outcomes during childhood and adolescence [1, 2].”

“However, the mechanisms underlying juvenile delinquency are little known because many prominent criminal theories such as Pat-terson’s Coercion theory (Patterson, 2002) or social theories such as Bandura’s learning theory (Bandura, 1977) are inconsistent in explaining the origins of delinquency.”

“Consistent with the Family Stress Model (Conger & Conger, 2008; Conger et al., 1992), families navigating financial strain are more susceptible to these coercive patterns of parent-child interactions (e.g., Lunkenheimer et al., 2016; Patterson, 2002; Shaw & Shelleby, 2014).”

“This broader context is conceptualized within Family Systems Theory (Cox & Paley, 1997), Coercive Family Process Theory (Patterson, 2002), the Ecological Systems framework (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006), and the determinants of parenting model (Belsky, 1984; Bornstein, 2016; Jaffee et al., 2006).”

“In general, there is overwhelming support in the literature substantiating the claim that inept parenting skills will greatly contribute to the development of CPs (Kendziora & O’Leary, 1993; Patterson, 2002; Stormont, 2002; Webster-Stratton, 1998).”

“Parents may try out more or less successful or erratic parenting and sometimes end up in a circle of mutual coercion (Patterson 2002).”

“Generally, these factors are described under the headings as aggression and delinquency (Patterson, 2002).”