Cited by 154Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesBehavioral and Psychological Studies

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Environments as cues to smoke: Implications for human extinction-based research and treatment.

Conklin, Cynthia A.·2006·Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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Abstract

Animal research has shown that the environments, or contexts, in which drug use occurs can play a key role in how animals respond to drug-related cues. Less is known about the role of environmental contexts in human drug-dependence research. Traditionally, cue-based studies and treatments focus on conditioned cues most proximal to drug administration (e.g., lit cigarettes, pictorial stimuli of drug paraphernalia). However, there is reason to believe that more distal cues, such as the environments in which drugs were previously used, might similarly gain associative control over human responding. This article describes a body of systematic research aimed at identifying and studying the impact of environmental contexts on smokers' cue reactivity in the laboratory. Overall, results of this program of research demonstrate that exposure to environments associated with smoking, but completely devoid of proximal smoking cues, can function as conditioned stimuli capable of evoking strong subjective responding from abstinent smokers. Furthermore, more robust reactivity can be achieved if environmental context cues are personalized using novel techniques described in this article.

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Authors: Conklin, C. A.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author: Conklin, Cynthia A.
ORCID: Conklin, Cynthia A.
Venue: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 12-19
ISSN: 1064-1297 (ISSN-L)
1936-2293
DOI: 10.1037/1064-1297.14.1.12
OpenAlex: W1999038462
Cited by: 154
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 1.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (#HL07560)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA019269, DA019269, R21DA017582, DA017582)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords: smoking cues, cue reactivity, conditioned stimulus, abstinence, drug addiction, smoking cessation
MeSH terms: Cues, Environment, Extinction, Psychological, Humans, Smoking

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Environments as cues to smoke: Implications for human extinction-based research and treatment.

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