Context and Behavioral Processes in Extinction: Table 1.

Bouton, Mark E.

doi:10.1101/lm.78804

Cited by 1,808Memory and Neural MechanismsNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesBehavioral and Psychological Studies

Context and Behavioral Processes in Extinction: Table 1.

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Bouton, Mark E.·2004·Learning & Memory

DOI 10.1101/lm.78804

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Abstract

This article provides a selective review and integration of the behavioral literature on Pavlovian extinction. The first part reviews evidence that extinction does not destroy the original learning, but instead generates new learning that is especially context-dependent. The second part examines insights provided by research on several related behavioral phenomena (the interference paradigms, conditioned inhibition, and inhibition despite reinforcement). The final part examines four potential causes of extinction: the discrimination of a new reinforcement rate, generalization decrement, response inhibition, and violation of a reinforcer expectation. The data are consistent with behavioral models that emphasize the role of generalization decrement and expectation violation, but would be more so if those models were expanded to better accommodate the finding that extinction involves a context-modulated form of inhibitory learning.

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Consistent with modern learning models of extinction, the expectation of an aversive event followed by its absence leads to new inhibitory learning.
“Consistent with modern learning models of extinction (e.g., Bouton, 2004), the expectation of an aversive event followed by the absence of its occurrence leads to new inhibitory learning.”
From Does change in distress matter? Mechanisms of change in prolonged exposure for PTSD (2014) · cites this paper as Bouton, 2004
Behavioural inhibition during extinction results from the formation of a new "CS-noUS" associative memory that prevents expression of the original CS-US memory without erasing it.
“It is hypothesised that behavioural inhibition results from the formation of a new “CS-noUS” associative memory that prevents expression of the original CS-US memory without erasing it (Bouton, 2004).”
From Retrieval-Dependent Mechanisms Affecting Emotional Memory Persistence: Reconsolidation, Extinction, and the Space in Between (2020) · cites this paper as Bouton, 2004
Extinction occurs during prolonged re-exposure in the absence of the expected emotional outcome and reflects the formation of a new, inhibitory memory that prevents behavioural expression of the original trace.
“Extinction occurs during a prolonged re-exposure session in the absence of the expected emotional outcome and is widely accepted as reflecting the formation of a new, inhibitory memory that prevents behavioural expression of the original trace.”
From Retrieval-Dependent Mechanisms Affecting Emotional Memory Persistence: Reconsolidation, Extinction, and the Space in Between (2020) · cites this paper as Bouton, 2004
Extinction does not erase or modify the original CS-US memory but inhibits its behavioural expression by establishing a new inhibitory memory trace associating the CS with the absence of the US (CS-noUS).
“It is widely accepted that extinction does not erase or modify the original CS-US memory but inhibits its behavioural expression by establishing a new inhibitory memory trace associating the CS with the absence of the US (CS-noUS; Pavlov, 1927; Bouton, 2004).”
From Retrieval-Dependent Mechanisms Affecting Emotional Memory Persistence: Reconsolidation, Extinction, and the Space in Between (2020) · cites this paper as Bouton, 2004
Extinction learning is contextual to the internal and external factors present during the exposure.
“This is because extinction learning is contextual to the internal and external factors present during the exposure (Bouton, 2004).”
From How willing are you? Willingness as a predictor of change during treatment of adults with obsessive–compulsive disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Bouton, 2004

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Authors: Bouton, M. E.
Affiliations: University of Vermont (US)
Corresponding author: Bouton, Mark E.
ORCID: Bouton, Mark E.
Venue: Learning & Memory
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Published: 2004-09
Volume: 11
Issue: 5
Pages: 485-494
ISSN: 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
1549-5485
DOI: 10.1101/lm.78804
OpenAlex: W2145465887
Semantic Scholar: a1c77da415e5b7cdb957c00dc7df2ef7a7dfd327
Cited by: 1,808
References: 133
Citations by year: 2026: 89 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 112 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 112 · 2012: 87
Type: posted content
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Cardiff University
National Institute of Mental Health (RO1 MH64847, R01MH064847, R01 MH64847)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords: Pavlovian extinction, inhibitory learning, context-dependent learning, conditioned inhibition, interference paradigm, generalization decrement, response inhibition
MeSH terms: Animals, Association Learning, Conditioning, Classical, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Extinction, Psychological, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Psychological Theory, Reinforcement, Psychology

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