The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An emotion-induced attentional blink elicited by aversively conditioned stimuli.
Abstract
The current study examines whether aversively conditioned stimuli can modulate attention to such a degree that they impair the perception of subsequently presented nonemotional targets. In the initial phase of this study, participants viewed 3 categories of photographs, 1 of which was paired with an aversive noise. Following conditioning, participants searched for a target embedded within a series of 17 rapidly presented images on each trial. Critically, a conditioned or unconditioned item from the initial phase appeared 200 ms or 800 ms before the target. At 200-ms lags but not 800-ms lags, the conditioned images impaired target detection relative to the other distractors. Thus, temporary visual deficits can be induced by otherwise neutral distractors whose aversive associations have only recently been learned.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“One of the most powerful examples of these lingering biases of attention is seen in AB tasks in which combat-exposed veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder showed a strong AB for combat images relative to healthy controls (Olatunji, Armstrong, McHugo, & Zald, 2013; cf. Smith, Most, Newsome, & Zald, 2006; for a review, see McHugo, Olatunji, & Zald, 2013).”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Smith, Most, Newsome, & Zald, 2006
Citations
Cites
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444
Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass.
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.3.466 · Cited by 2,542
The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology
Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.3 · Cited by 2,420
Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink?
Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.18.3.849 · Cited by 2,286
Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: an attentional blink?
Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.3.849 · Cited by 1,649
A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation.
Chun, M. M., & Potter, M. C. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.21.1.109 · Cited by 1,465
Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events
Anderson, A. K., & Phelps, E. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35077083 · Cited by 1,379
The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli.
Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.381 · Cited by 1,366
A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions
Morris, J. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.1.47 · Cited by 1,291
Fear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology
Lang, P. J., Davis, M., & Öhman, A. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00343-8 · Cited by 1,162
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–155 of 155
Verwoerd, J., Wessel, I., & de Jong, P. J. (2010) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1687 · Cited by 9
Timeless: A Large Sample Study on the Temporal Robustness of Affective Responses
Postzich, C., Blask, K., Frings, C., & Walther, E. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00841 · Cited by 8
“These pictures were rated on the dimensions of valence, arousal, and the accordance of the stimuli with moral and legal norms.”
Category-based generalization of placebo and nocebo effects
Liu, C., Chen, L., & Yu, R. (2019) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102894 · Cited by 12
Primary rewards and aversive outcomes have comparable effects on attentional bias.
Kim, H., & Anderson, B. A. (2022) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000543 · Cited by 9
Deployment dynamics of hypnotic anger modulation
Anlló, H., Hagège, J., & Sackur, J. (2021) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2021.103118 · Cited by 10
Cross-Modal Modulation of Spatial Attention by Emotion
Brosch, T., & Grandjean, D. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3585-3_11 · Cited by 7
Individual differences in emotion-induced blindness: Are they reliable and what do they measure?
Edwards, M., Denniston, D., Bariesheff, C., Wyche, N. J., & Goodhew, S. C. (2024) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-024-02900-y · Cited by 7
“Importantly, the impairment with these stimuli occurs at multiple lags, including Lag 2 (Le Pelley et al., 2019; Smith et al., 2006).”
Instructional learning of threat-related attentional capture is modulated by state anxiety.
Grégoire, L., & Anderson, B. A. (2023) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001291 · Cited by 4
Attention capture without awareness in a non-spatial selection task
Oriet, C., Pandey, M., & Kawahara, J. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.11.003 · Cited by 5
Ophir, E. A., Hesselmann, G., & Lamy, D. (2020) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2020.103008 · Cited by 7
Emotional Modulation of the Attentional Blink Is Awareness-Dependent
Qian, W., Meng, Q., Chen, L., & Zhou, K. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046394 · Cited by 5
“For instance, high-arousing pictures interfered with target report [24,25].”
Trait Anxiety Influences Negative Affect-modulated Distribution of Visuospatial Attention
Kaur, G., Anand, R., & Chakrabarty, M. (2022) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.11.034 · Cited by 5
The Emotional Attentional Blink as a Measure of Patriotism
Aznar-Casanova, J. A., Gavilán, J. M., Sánchez, M. M., & Haro, J. (2020) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2020.32 · Cited by 3
“Several factors that can modulate the EABhave been studied, such as themeaning of a distractor (Smith et al., 2006), or its value inmotivational terms (Piech et al., 2010).”
BackgroundNeural Perspectives on Emotion: Impact on Perception, Attention, and Memory
Stanley, D., Ferneyhough, E., & Phelps, E. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470478509.neubb002042 · Cited by 4
Differences in the duration of the attentional blink when viewing nature vs. urban scenes
Eich, B., & Beck, M. R. (2023) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-023-02749-7 · Cited by 3
“The current study was modeled after previous attentional blink studies (Chun & Potter, 1995) including studies that used scenes within the RSVP task (Marx et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2006).”
Jones, S. P., & Walsh, J. (2021) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1833 · Cited by 3
Emotional stimuli similarly disrupt attention in both visual fields
Moeck, E. K., Zhao, J. L., Most, S. B., Thomas, N. A., & Takarangi, M. K. T. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2187353 · Cited by 3
“tractors conditionedwith an aversive noise (Smith et al., 2006), suggesting EIB is not driven by the emotional dis-”
BackgroundSelf-citationChen, Y., Guo, J., Huang, C., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15091274 · Cited by 2
“Statistical learning and aversive associative learning are two forms of selection history that have been found to shape attentional prioritization (Jiang, 2018; Smith et al., 2006; Stankevich & Geng, 2014).”
The effect of auditory valence on subsequent visual semantic processing
Gao, C., Hayes, W. M., LaPierre, M., & Shinkareva, S. V. (2023) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-023-02269-3 · Cited by 2
“Previous research has demonstrated that emotion can influence subsequent cognitive processing (Arnell et al., 2007; Ihssen et al., 2007; Ihssen & Keil, 2009; Mather & Sutherland, 2011; Most et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2006).”
Differential effects of emotional expressions and scenes on visual search
Olatunji, B. O., Armstrong, T., & Ciesielski, B. G. (2015) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-015-9477-y · Cited by 2
Emotion-induced blindness elicits no lag-1 sparing
Kennedy, B. L., & Most, S. B. (2011) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/11.11.111 · Cited by 2
Self-citationA Core-Affect Model of Decision Making in Simple and Complex Tasks
Larue, O., & Juvina, I. (2017) · Journal of Bioresource Management · Cited by 2
Enhanced early visual processing after evaluative conditioning
Kattner, F., & Green, C. S. (2019) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.04.009 · Cited by 2
Reis, D. L. (n.d.) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 2
Smith, S. D., & Kornelsen, J. (2021) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2021.100065 · Cited by 1
Self-citationVigilance: A Novel Conditioned Fear Response that Resists ExtinctionPreprint
Armstrong, T., Engel, M., & Dalmaijer, E. S. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4ct8x · Cited by 1
CATCHING THE MIND’S EYE: THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL DISTRACTION ON VISUAL ATTENTION
Windsor, M. B., & Simons, D. J. (2015) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/15.12.877
Efectos del procesamiento emocional sobre la impulsividad en la toma de decisiones
Ros, D. C. (2014) · Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada)
Menezes, C. B., Holderbaum, C. S., de Salles, J. F., & Bizarro, L. (2011) · Ciências & Cognição
Emotional Modulation of Time Perception
Lake, J. I. (2014) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
Stone, A. (2011) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/07.22.pms.112.2.451-476
“…Knight, 2000; Armony & Dolan, 2002; Smith, Cacioppo, Larsen, & Chartrand, 2003; Most, Chun, & Widders, 2005; Milders, Sahraie, Logan, & Donnellon, 2006; Newsome & Zald, 2006; Li, Wang, Poliakoff, & Luo, 2007; Okon-Singer, Tzelgov, & Henik, 2007; see Kensinger, 2007, and Palermo & Rhodes, 2007, for…”
Neurobehavioral Mechanisms Supporting the Generalization of Learned Fear in Humans
Dunsmoor, J. E. (2012) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
An electrophysiological investigation into the influence of affect on the attentional blink
MacLean, M. H. (2009) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
What holds your attention?: the neural effects of memory on attention
Parks, E. L. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/tbbb-y741
Dhinakaran, J. (2014) · Carl von Ossiezky University of Oldenburg
The emotional ageing brain: cognitive mechanisms and neural networks
Ziaei, M. (2016) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2016.305
“…methods such as filtering (Stroop task, dichotic listening; e.g., Santangelo et al. (2008)), searching (visual search; e.g., Calvo and Nummenmaa (2008)), cueing (dot-probe, spatial cueing; e.g., Koster et al. (2004)), and multiple task paradigms (attentional blink; e.g., Smith et al. (2006).”
MethodMechanisms of the Aging-Related Positivity Effect in Memory and Attention
Tomaszczyk, J. C. (2012) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Emotion-induced Blindness: A Kind of Particular Functional Blindness
Wuying, C. H. E. N., Jia-Mei, L. U., Lianqi, L. I. U., & Yangen, Z. H. O. U. (2014) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2014.00422
Selective Control of Attention to Emotionally Salient Stimuli
Hudson, A. (2010) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada)
Spatial and temporal processing biases in visual working memory in specific anxiety
Reinecke, A. (2007) · Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden)
the Emotional Attentional Blink: A Review and Research Agenda
Keefe, J. (2017) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)
Isolating involuntary attention hold: a study of distraction
Parks, E. L. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/esf3-5158
Research Progress of Value-Driven Attentional Capture in Temporal Perspective
王, 金. (2020) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2020.103035
Hébert-Soucy, S.-A., Poitras, K., & Brisson, B. (2017) · Neuropsychologie clinique et appliquée · doi:10.46278/j.ncacn.201708132
Temporal dynamics of the hypnotic responsePreprint
Anlló, H., Hagège, J., & Sackur, J. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/p25sh
Forbes, C. E., Amey, R. C., Magerman, A. B., & Ökten, I. O. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pzmbx
The Emotional Cascade Model of Borderline Personality Disorder
Salavati, M., & Selby, E. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75503-3_8
A Review of Emotion-Induced Blindness
陈, 力. (2025) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2025.152074
Does fear conditioning via mental imagery influence subsequent attention?
Grégoire, L., Ochoa, L., Pancholy, S. A., Hepburn, L., Greening, S. G., & Anderson, B. A. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2586680
“Dis-traction by fear-related cues was also observed after conditioning with white noise (e.g. Koster et al., 2004; Smith et al., 2006), monetary loss (e.g. Wentura et al., 2014), or negative social feedback (Anderson, 2017a; Anderson & Kim, 2018).”
THE EFFECTS OF ANXIETY ON VISUAL ATTENTION FOR EMOTIVE STIMULI IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Kelly, L. (2014) · University of Derby Online Research Archive. (University of Derby)
Forbes, C. E., Amey, R. C., & Ökten, I. O. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27999-3
“…when a target image (termed T2) is presented in close approximation with the image (termed T1, which in this study are the STEMIs compared to the NonSTEMIs), recognition of the target image is impaired (for detailed explanations of the cognitive processes underlying this effect see 59–61 .”
Effects of threat intensity on sensory preconditioning
Ouyang, L., Cooper, S. E., & Dunsmoor, J. E. (2026) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2026.109351
An insight into the temporal dynamics of affective picture processing
Stolarova, M. (2007)
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, S. D., Most, S. B., Newsome, L. A., & Zald, D. H.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2006-08
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 523-527
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- OpenAlex
- W2167022301
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- attentional blink, aversive conditioning, emotional conditioning, visual attention, target detection, distractor interference, emotional memory, rapid serial visual presentation
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Arousal, Association Learning, Attention, Avoidance Learning, Conditioning, Classical, Discrimination Learning, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Proactive Inhibition, Reaction Time, Set, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
