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An emotion-induced attentional blink elicited by aversively conditioned stimuli.
Abstract
The current study examines whether aversively conditioned stimuli can modulate attention to such a degree that they impair the perception of subsequently presented nonemotional targets. In the initial phase of this study, participants viewed 3 categories of photographs, 1 of which was paired with an aversive noise. Following conditioning, participants searched for a target embedded within a series of 17 rapidly presented images on each trial. Critically, a conditioned or unconditioned item from the initial phase appeared 200 ms or 800 ms before the target. At 200-ms lags but not 800-ms lags, the conditioned images impaired target detection relative to the other distractors. Thus, temporary visual deficits can be induced by otherwise neutral distractors whose aversive associations have only recently been learned.
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“One of the most powerful examples of these lingering biases of attention is seen in AB tasks in which combat-exposed veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder showed a strong AB for combat images relative to healthy controls (Olatunji, Armstrong, McHugo, & Zald, 2013; cf. Smith, Most, Newsome, & Zald, 2006; for a review, see McHugo, Olatunji, & Zald, 2013).”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Smith, Most, Newsome, & Zald, 2006
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The effects of emotion on attention: A review of attentional processing of emotional information
Yiend, J. (2010) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930903205698 · Cited by 891
“The same group has reported similar effects with arousing positive stimuli (Most et al, 2007 ) and stimuli made negative through aversive conditioning (Smith, Most, Newsome, & Zald, 2006 ).”
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The attentional blink: A review of data and theory
Dux, P. E., & Marois, R. (2009) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/app.71.8.1683 · Cited by 627
Fear, faces, and the human amygdala
Adolphs, R. (2008) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2008.06.006 · Cited by 502
“In one study, visual stimuli (complex but intrinsically neutral visual images) were fear conditioned and it was found that the fear-conditioned stimuli influenced the attentional blink phenomenon [26].”
BackgroundThe attention habit: how reward learning shapes attentional selection
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Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention.
Failing, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2018) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1380-y · Cited by 345
The attentional blink: Past, present, and future of a blind spot in perceptual awareness
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“…that is attached to neutral stimuli via classical conditioning (a form of associative learning, inducing a reflexive response to a neutral stimulus by linking the neutral stimulus to a significant (i.e. pleasant or painful) stimulus; also referred to as Pavlovian conditioning; Smith et al., 2006).”
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“Several recent studies demonstrate that previously non-valenced stimuli come to elicit attentional biases after the stimuli have been paired with aversive stimuli during classical conditioning (Koster et al. 2004, 2005; Smith et al. 2006).”
A value-driven mechanism of attentional selection
Anderson, B. A. (2013) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/13.3.7 · Cited by 332
fMRI studies of successful emotional memory encoding: A quantitative meta-analysis
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The naked truth: Positive, arousing distractors impair rapid target perception
Most, S. B., Smith, S. D., Cooter, A., Levy, B. N., & Zald, D. H. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930600959340 · Cited by 241
Self-citationGeneralization of conditioned fear along a dimension of increasing fear intensityPreprint
Dunsmoor, J. E., Mitroff, S. R., & LaBar, K. S. (2009) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1431609 · Cited by 203
“These steady-state (‘‘booster’’ trials) reinforcement procedures are intended to extend the length of time over which responding can be measured and offset the effects of extinction and habituation (Mednick and Freedman 1960; Honig and Urcuioli 1981; Smith et al. 2006; Lim and Pessoa 2008).”
Emotional modulation of interval timing and time perception
Lake, J. I., LaBar, K. S., & Meck, W. H. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.003 · Cited by 202
“For example, in the attention blink paradigm, an emotionally arousing stimulus impaired the ability to detect a task-relevant target at a 200 ms lag but not at an 800 ms lag (232).”
BackgroundThe past, present, and future of selection history
Anderson, B. A., Kim, H., Kim, A. J., Liao, M., Mrkonja, L., Clement, A., & Grégoire, L. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.004 · Cited by 218
The Late Positive Potential Predicts Subsequent Interference with Target Processing
Weinberg, A., & Hajcak, G. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2011.21630 · Cited by 189
“(Most, Chun, Johnson, & Kiehl, 2006; Most, Chun, Widders, & Zald, 2005); this has been demonstrated for both pleasant andunpleasant distracters (Flaisch, Stockburger,& Schupp, 2008; Most, Smith, Cooter, Levy, & Zald, 2007), for affective words (Arnell, Killman, & Fijavz, 2007; Barnard, Ramponi, Battye, & Mackintosh, 2…”
All I saw was the cake. Hunger effects on attentional capture by visual food cues
Piech, R. M., Pastorino, M. T., & Zald, D. H. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.11.003 · Cited by 170
“Attentional blink effects akin to the ones reported here have been shown for a variety of motivationally significant stimuli, including gore, erotic scenes, and negatively conditioned stimuli (Most et al., 2005; Most et al., 2007; Smith et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGoodhew, S. C., & Edwards, M. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.008 · Cited by 146
The emotional attentional blink: what we know so far
McHugo, M., Olatunji, B. O., & Zald, D. H. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00151 · Cited by 123
Self-citationThe effect of fearful faces on the attentional blink is task dependent
Stein, T., Zwickel, J., Ritter, J., Kitzmantel, M., & Schneider, W. X. (2009) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.16.1.104 · Cited by 98
Affective learning modulates spatial competition during low-load attentional conditions
Lim, S.-L., Padmala, S., & Pessoa, L. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.003 · Cited by 91
“In one study, Smith, Most, Newsome, and Zald (2006) showed that an aversively conditioned item (an initially neutral visual stimulus that had been paired with an aversive sound) impaired the detection of a subsequent target, suggesting that they capture attention and cause an attentional blink.”
BackgroundIntrinsic motivation and attentional capture from gamelike features in a visual search task
Miranda, A. T., & Palmer, E. M. (2014) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0357-7 · Cited by 86
Conceptual similarity promotes generalization of higher order fear learningPreprint
Dunsmoor, J. E., White, A. J., & LaBar, K. S. (2011) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.2016411 · Cited by 99
Does emotion processing require attention? The effects of fear conditioning and perceptual load
Yates, A., Ashwin, C., & Fox, E. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0020325 · Cited by 88
Panic Search: Fear Produces Efficient Visual Search for Nonthreatening Objects
Becker, M. W. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02303.x · Cited by 88
“Experiments using rapid serial visual presentation (Most, Chun, & Widders, 2005; Smith et al., 2006) and flanker tasks (Fenske & Eastwood, 2003) found that target processing is impaired by an incidental emotional item that appears simultaneously with, or shortly before (< 250 ms), a target.”
MethodHeightened attentional capture by threat in veterans with PTSD.
Olatunji, B. O., Armstrong, T., McHugo, M., & Zald, D. H. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030440 · Cited by 84
Self-citationInteractions of attention, emotion and motivation
Raymond, J. E. (2009) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17617-3 · Cited by 84
Competing for attentional priority: Temporary goals versus threats.
Vogt, J., Houwer, J. D., Crombez, G., & Damme, S. V. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0027204 · Cited by 93
A conceptual and methodological framework for measuring and modulating the attentional blink
MacLean, M. H., & Arnell, K. M. (2012) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-012-0338-4 · Cited by 79
Trick, L. M., Brandigampola, S., & Enns, J. T. (2011) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.07.006 · Cited by 76
Attentional control of emotional distraction in rapid serial visual presentation.
Peers, P. V., & Lawrence, A. D. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014507 · Cited by 76
Emotion colors time perception unconsciously
Yamada, Y., & Kawabe, T. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.06.016 · Cited by 74
Dissociating emotion-induced blindness and hypervision.
Bocanegra, B. R., & Zeelenberg, R. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0017749 · Cited by 70
“…blindness effects have been obtained with either emotional words (Arnell et al., 2007; Ihssen & Keil, 2008) or emotional pictures (Most et al., 2005; Most et al., 2007; Smith et al., 2006) in RSVP studies in which emotional distractors and neutral target stimuli were of the same stimulus category.”
InfluentialAttentional capture by emotional stimuli is modulated by semantic processing.
Huang, Y.-M., Baddeley, A., & Young, A. W. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.34.2.328 · Cited by 70
Prioritizing pleasure and pain: attentional capture by reward-related and punishment-related stimuli
Watson, P., Pearson, D., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Pelley, M. E. L. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.12.002 · Cited by 76
Dissociating Spatial Attention and Awareness in Emotion-Induced Blindness
Most, S. B., & Wang, L. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610397665 · Cited by 74
Self-citationde Houwer, J., & Hermans, D. (2010) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203853054 · Cited by 73
Evidence for Arousal-Biased Competition in Perceptual Learning
Lee, T., Itti, L., & Mather, M. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00241 · Cited by 72
“Thus, when pictures are rapidly displayed in a sequence, arousing pictures impair perception of subsequent targets (Most et al., 2005, 2006, 2007; Smith et al., 2006; Most and Junge, 2008; Ciesielski et al., 2010; Wang et al., in press).”
BackgroundOn the automaticity of attentional orienting to threatening stimuli.
Anderson, B. A., & Britton, M. K. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000596 · Cited by 69
When Emotion Blinds: A Spatiotemporal Competition Account of Emotion-Induced Blindness
Wang, L., Kennedy, B. L., & Most, S. B. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00438 · Cited by 70
“This conclusion received further support from a study in which emotionally neutral pictures that participants had learned to associate with an aversive burst of white noise induced similar target perception impairments (Smith et al., 2006).”
ResultSelf-citationde Jong, P. J., Koster, E. H. W., van Wees-Cieraad, R., & Martens, S. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802490227 · Cited by 62
“It remained, therefore, unclear whether the superior identification of angry faces as T2 reflected differential identification efficiency of angry and happy faces, or relatively strong interference effects of angry faces—as T1—on the identification of subsequently appearing happy faces—as T2 (eg, Koster, De Raedt, Ver…”
BackgroundEmotional modulation of the attentional blink: Is there an effect of stress?
Schwabe, L., & Wolf, O. T. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0017751 · Cited by 61
ArkaeVision VR Game: User Experience Research between Real and Virtual Paestum
Pagano, A., Palombini, A., Bozzelli, G., Nino, M. D., Cerato, I., & Ricciardi, S. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10093182 · Cited by 60
Mather, M., & Knight, M. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014087 · Cited by 58
“For instance, neutral pictures conditioned to be aversive by pairing them with aversive noise are more likely than other neutral pictures shown in the same conditioning phase to later interfere with processing of other images in a rapid visual sequence—leading to a larger “attentional blink” for pictures conditioned w…”
InfluentialReprint of: fMRI studies of successful emotional memory encoding: A quantitative meta-analysis
Murty, V. P., Ritchey, M., Adcock, R. A., & LaBar, K. S. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.031 · Cited by 61
Surprise-induced blindness: A stimulus-driven attentional limit to conscious perception.
Asplund, C. L., Todd, J. J., Snyder, A. P., Gilbert, C. M., & Marois, R. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0020551 · Cited by 54
“This characteristic sharply contrasts with the enduring deficits observed in the contingentcapture AB (Folk et al., 2002; Jiang & Chun, 2001) and the affective AB (Most et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2006).”
BackgroundEmotional modulation of urgent and evaluative behaviors in risky driving scenarios
Megías‐Robles, A., Maldonado, A., Cândido, A., & Catena, A. (2010) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.10.029 · Cited by 57
Immediacy bias in emotion perception: Current emotions seem more intense than previous emotions.
Leaf Van Boven, A., White, K., & Huber, M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0016074 · Cited by 54
“And negative emotional stimuli can impair attention to subsequent neutral stimuli (Anderson & Phelps, 2001; Fox et al., 2001; Fox, Russo, & Dutton, 2002; Most, Chun, Johnson, & Kiehl, 2005; S. D. Smith, Most, Newsome, & Zald, 2006 ).”
How emotional arousal and valence influence access to awareness
Sheth, B. R., & Pham, T. (2008) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.07.013 · Cited by 55
Giesbrecht, B., Sy, J. L., & Elliott, J. C. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.12.2005 · Cited by 51
“Indeed, previous studies have demonstrated that the magnitude of the AB is modulated by many factors other than perceptual load, including response-related factors ( Jolicoeur, 1998, 1999), strategic factors (Shore et al., 2001), motivation ( Smith, Most, Newsome, & Zald, 2006 ), and learning (Maki & Padmanabhan, 1994…”
BackgroundDon't look back: Retroactive, dynamic costs and benefits of emotional capture
Most, S. B., & Junge, J. A. (2008) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280701490062 · Cited by 57
“However, evidence suggests that emotional distractors induce target detection impairments over and beyond those caused by distinctive neutral distractors (Most et al., 2005a; Smith et al., 2006 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationJuvina, I., Larue, O., & Hough, A. R. (2017) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.06.002 · Cited by 53
Livesey, E. J., Harris, I. M., & Harris, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0014525 · Cited by 40
“Smith, Most, Newsome, and Zald (2006) also showed that a stimulus recently associated with an aversive burst of white noise can automatically induce an AB-like impairment when used as a distractor in an RSVP task.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Rapid Perceptual Impact of Emotional Distractors
Kennedy, B. L., & Most, S. B. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129320 · Cited by 42
“Negative distractors were used as the emotional stimuli, consistent with most existing emotion-induced blindness experiments [1–6].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationLe Pelley, M. E., Seabrooke, T., Kennedy, B. L., Pearson, D., & Most, S. B. (2017) · Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-017-1346-1 · Cited by 44
“In a related study using aversive outcomes (Smith et al., 2006), participants experienced an initial training phase in 1 Since the critical distractors in this study were physically salient color singletons, we would expect them to capture attention on the basis of this physical salience in a…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationLeganes‐Fonteneau, M., Scott, R. B. Y., & Duka, T. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.015 · Cited by 35
“Conditioned stimuli have been used during RSVP tasks both as distractors during an aversive conditioning task [27], and as targets during a task irrelevant Pavlovian conditioning procedure [28], providing evidence towards the ability of CS to capture attention.”
Reward learning and negative emotion during rapid attentional competition
Yokoyama, T., Padmala, S., & Pessoa, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00269 · Cited by 34
“Rapid Visual Stream Task Because RT data are less interpretable given that participants made their response only at the completion of the visual stream, we focused on accuracy data as in previous studies (Most et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2006).”
ResultTemporal allocation of attention toward threat in individuals with posttraumatic stress symptoms
Amir, N., Taylor, C. T., Bomyea, J. A., & Badour, C. L. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.010 · Cited by 34
Testing a goal-driven account of involuntary attentional capture by threat.
Brown, C. R. H., Berggren, N., & Forster, S. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000565 · Cited by 33
Winners and losers: Reward and punishment produce biases in temporal selection.
Pelley, M. E. L., Watson, P., Pearson, D., Abeywickrama, R. S., & Most, S. B. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000612 · Cited by 32
Self-citationSingh, D., & Sunny, M. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01381 · Cited by 32
“…or less in line with standard EIB finding where targets that follow emotional distractors have lower identification accuracy as compared to targets that follow neutral images (Most et al., 2005, 2007; Smith et al., 2006; Most and Jungé, 2008; Most and Wang, 2011; Kennedy and Most, 2012, 2015a,b).”
BackgroundPreferential processing of visual trauma-film reminders predicts subsequent intrusive memories
Verwoerd, J., Wessel, I., de Jong, P. J., & Nieuwenhuis, M. M. W. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802457952 · Cited by 32
“Finally, in contrast with earlier studies that used distracters with intrinsic negativity (eg, mutilated faces; Most et al, 2005 ; Smith, Most, Newsome, & Zald, 2006 ), the present study did not find a main effect of visual distracters related to an earlier stressful film.”
ResultFox, E., Yates, A., & Ashwin, C. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0025321 · Cited by 29
Punishment-modulated attentional capture is context specific.
Grégoire, L., Kim, H., & Anderson, B. A. (2020) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000211 · Cited by 28
Cranmer, A., Ebers, A., Ericson, J. D., Goldberg, M., & Dharni, K. (2022) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113366 · Cited by 27
How preferential is the preferential encoding of threatening stimuli?
Reinecke, A., Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.06.004 · Cited by 30
“In contrast to Smith et al. (2006), they observed reductions in AB effect for emotional words in high-trait anxious only, indicating disorderspecific influence on the AB effect.”
What drives prioritized visual processing? A motivational relevance account
Maratos, F. A., & Pessoa, L. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.028 · Cited by 29
Conditioning-induced attentional bias for face stimuli measured with the emotional Stroop task.
Lee, T., Lim, S.-L., Lee, K.-H., Kim, H.-T., & Choi, J.-S. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014590 · Cited by 26
“Attentional bias was also inflated following conditioning when measured with attentional blink paradigm (Smith et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodKennedy, B. L., & Most, S. B. (2015) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2015.1024300 · Cited by 26
Self-citationWade, G. L., & Vickery, T. J. (2017) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-017-1307-8 · Cited by 24
Taylor, J. M., & Whalen, P. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0036034 · Cited by 22
Purkis, H. M., & Lipp, O. V. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930801993973 · Cited by 24
“Recent research (Smith, Most, & Zald, 2006 ) demonstrated that the processing of a conditioned stimulus can disrupt processing of a subsequent target stimulus.”
BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder in a patient with no left amygdala.
Smith, S. D., Abou-Khalil, B. W., & Zald, D. H. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.479 · Cited by 23
“Interestingly, CD’s accuracy on trials in which car photographs were presented was nearly identical to the accuracy of undergraduates who performed this task after being conditioned to fear cars or birds (Smith et al., 2006).”
Self-citationDon’t look now! Emotion-induced blindness: The interplay between emotion and attention
Goodhew, S. C., & Edwards, M. (2022) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-022-02525-z · Cited by 26
“In other words, these stimuli produced emotion-induced blindness (Smith et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialAnxiety attenuates awareness of emotional faces during rapid serial visual presentation.
Dam, N. T. V., Earleywine, M., & Altarriba, J. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024648 · Cited by 21
Memory's grip on attention: The influence of item memory on the allocation of attention
Chanon, V. W., & Hopfinger, J. B. (2008) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280701459026 · Cited by 21
False context fear memory in ratsPreprint
Bae, S. E., Holmes, N. M., & Westbrook, R. F. (2015) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.039065.115 · Cited by 22
“…system records the conjunctions among the array of cues (the surfaces, texture of the floor, shape, and so on) and combines this information into a unitized representation of the context (e.g., McLaren et al. 1989; Sutherland and Rudy 1989; Fanselow 1990; O’Reilly and Rudy 2001).”
BackgroundEmotional Modulation of the Attentional Blink by Pleasant and Unpleasant Pictures
De, B. M., Villa, M., Cervantes, M., & Welbourne, T. (2012) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2012.708681 · Cited by 19
Effect of emotions on temporal attention
Mishra, M., Ray, S. B., & Srinivasan, N. (2017) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.08.014 · Cited by 18
Domínguez‐Borràs, J., Armony, J. L., Maravita, A., Driver, J., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2012) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.11.005 · Cited by 16
Chronic cannabis use and attentional bias: Extended attentional capture to cannabis cues
Campbell, D. W., Stewart, S., Gray, C. E. P., Ryan, C. L., Fettes, P., McLandress, A. J., & Dell'Aquila, R. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.008 · Cited by 17
“Experiment 1 reflected the standard EAB design (Most et al., 2005, 2007; Smith et al., 2006), with the rotated target image presented either two trials (Lag 2 - 200”
BackgroundMethodAttentional enhancement for positive and negative tones at an early stage of auditory processing
Folyi, T., Liesefeld, H. R., & Wentura, D. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.12.001 · Cited by 17
Mechanisms of visual threat detection in specific phobia
Weierich, M. R., & Treat, T. A. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.960369 · Cited by 16
Affective engagement and subsequent visual processing: Effects of contrast and spatial frequency.
Song, I., & Keil, A. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0031553 · Cited by 16
An Introduction to the Philosophy of Psychology
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Reward and emotion influence attentional bias in rapid serial visual presentation
Gutiérrez‐Cobo, M. J., Luque, D., Most, S. B., Fernández‐Berrocal, P., & Pelley, M. E. L. (2019) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021819840615 · Cited by 15
“Prior studies that have shown relatively automatic attentional bias towards to-be-ignored emotional stimuli have tended to use high-arousal disturbing or erotic images or fear-conditioned stimuli (e.g., Most et al., 2005; Most et al., 2007; Smith et al., 2006), which Stein et al.”
Self-citationSakaki, M., Herrera, A. Y., & Mather, M. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034320 · Cited by 16
Attentional avoidance of threatening stimuli
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Fear generalization gradients in visuospatial attention.
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“Hot” facilitation of “cool” processing: Emotional distraction can enhance priming of visual search.
Kristjansson, A. K., Óladóttir, B., & Most, S. B. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0028683 · Cited by 12
Self-citationImpairment in Emotional Modulation of Attention and Memory in Schizophrenia
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“Enhanced attention for emotional stimuli has also been demonstrated using a modified paradigm with emotional T1 words, showing that the attentional-blink effect is greater for emotional T1 words when compared to neutral words (Smith et al., 2006; Mathewson et al., 2008), again demonstrating that emotional stimuli draw…”
Anxious anticipation prolongs emotional interference for rapid visual detection.
Haddara, N., Ravid, J. D., Miller, E. L., O'Hagan, M., Caracciolo, C., & Miskovic, V. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000521 · Cited by 11
The emotional attentional blink is robust to divided attention
Keefe, J., Sy, J. L., Tong, F., & Zald, D. H. (2018) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-018-1601-0 · Cited by 11
Self-citationNeural Correlates of Attentional Bias to Food Stimuli in Obese Adolescents
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Emotional arousal enhances the impact of long-term memory in attention
Turkileri, N., Field, D. T., Ellis, J. A., & Sakaki, M. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2021.1883031 · Cited by 13
“…serial visual presentation (RSVP) indicates that people show impaired perception of neutral stimuli that are presented shortly after emotional stimuli (Anderson, 2005; Arnell et al., 2007; Ihssen & Keil, 2009; Mathewson et al., 2008; Most et al., 2005; Schwabe et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2006).”
Backgroundde Jong, P. J. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch9 · Cited by 12
Vigilance: A novel conditioned fear response that resists extinction
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Reaching back: the relative strength of the retroactive emotional attentional blink
Choisdealbha, Á. N., Piech, R. M., Fuller, J. K., & Zald, D. H. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep43645 · Cited by 9
Self-citationPainful faces-induced attentional blink modulated by top–down and bottom–up mechanisms
Zheng, C., Wang, J., & Luo, F. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00695 · Cited by 9
“Most evidence supporting pain-related attentional bias has come from patients with chronic pain (Snider et al., 2000) or studies using conditioned visual signals of pain as cues (Crombez et al., 2013).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, S. D., Most, S. B., Newsome, L. A., & Zald, D. H.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2006-08
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 523-527
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- OpenAlex
- W2167022301
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- attentional blink, aversive conditioning, emotional conditioning, visual attention, target detection, distractor interference, emotional memory, rapid serial visual presentation
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Arousal, Association Learning, Attention, Avoidance Learning, Conditioning, Classical, Discrimination Learning, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Proactive Inhibition, Reaction Time, Set, Psychology
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